The smallpox virus is fragile. In laboratory experiments, 90% of aerosolized smallpox virus dies within 24 hours; in the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light, this percentage would be even greater. If an aerosol release of smallpox occurs, 90% of virus matter will be inactivated or dissipated in about 24 hours. (added Nov 13, 2002)

Hepatitis A virus can live outside the body for months, depending on the environmental conditions. The virus is killed by heating to 185 degrees F (85 degrees C) for one minute. However, the virus can still be spread from cooked food if it is contaminated after cooking. Adequate chlorination of water, as recommended in the United States, kills hepatitis A virus that enters the water supply.

Past experience indicates that the first dose of the vaccine offers protection from smallpox for 3 to 5 years, with decreasing immunity thereafter. If a person is vaccinated again later, immunity lasts longer. A report from Europe suggests that people vaccinated 10 or 20 or more years ago have enough immunity to lessen their chance of death if infected. However, these people need another dose of smallpox vaccine to restore their immunity.

The products are a unique chemical emulsion which demonstrated a more enhanced spreadability when used in an aerosol format. As an aerosol, the products provide a much more luxurious "feel" when applied to the skin. Because of this it was found necessary to put them in aerosol form. As a result the products: Have enhanced spreadability are more economical are more beneficial to end users.

No sooner the body fluid containing the HIV virus starts to dry, 90% to 99% of the virus present becomes disabled upon drying. HIV does not survive very long outside the body.

This question has relevance for those involved in burial practices e.g. bathing the body and touching the body while preparing it for burial. The risk does not only lie with the HIV virus but also with other opportunistic infections. A corpse, particularly of a person known to have been HIV infected, must be handled as if infectious. This would be irrespective of the duration of time since death. Any fluids or tissues should be handled utilising universal precautions - i.e.: with gloves.

Some research suggests that the virus can remain active in dried blood for up to 2 months. More recent research (with chimpanzee blood) has found that the virus will remain active for at between 16 hours and 4 days.

Most ova probably survive about six to twelve hours after ovulation. However, for the purposes of contraception, you must count on a 24-hour survival period, plus an additional 24 hours in case there is a multiple ovulation.

The duration that these viruses can survive in the environment depends on temperature and humidity conditions, but they may survive up to weeks in cooler and moister conditions. According to CDC and WHO, US NIOSH certified N-95, European CE certified EN143 P2 / EN149 FFP2, or comparable national/regional particulate respirators should be worn by workers who eradicate infected poultry. Higher level particulate respirators may also be used.

Head lice die from lack of food or moisture in about two days if dislodged from a head. They may not live this long if it is very cold or they had not fed before being dislodged. Being dislodged means almost certain death for a head louse so they will avoid this if at all possible. They don't wander on to furniture or clothes very often as this would result in the death of the louse in most cases.

For most transactions, the paperwork usually takes about 15-30 minutes. Release time from local jails is usually under an hour. The release time from county jails varies, but is typically 6-8 hours. In some situations, such as Los Angeles, it can take longer.

The smallpox vaccine should not be given to people taking medications that suppress their immune system. Smallpox vaccines should be spaced by one month from chickenpox vaccination. Other combinations of vaccines (e.g. smallpox and influenza or smallpox and anthrax) can be given.

The aerosol has a long hang time providing extended protection - up to an hour in a truly sealed, confined space with no airflow. However, in real world deployments the aerosol will typically escape through doors, windows, or other openings. But as long as the aerosol cloud is present, it will be continue to provide suppression.

No, the survival numbers indicate statistical estimates (probabilities) for the median survival for other patients who received that treatment. The survival numbers should only be used as general information for three reasons: First, although oncologists who administered the treatment calculated the survival number for the patients who received the treatment, the number is based on statistical probabilities. This means that these are estimates only.

The products are a unique chemical emulsion, which demonstrated a more enhanced spread ability when used in an aerosol format. As an aerosol, the products provide a much more luxurious "feel" when applied to the skin. Because of this it was found necessary to put them in aerosol form. As a result the products: " Have enhanced spread ability " Are more economical " Are more beneficial to end users. Back to top

It is not known how long it has been in the U.S., but the Center for Disease Control scientists believe the virus has probably been in the eastern U.S. since the early summer of 1999, possibly longer.

The survival of TASO clients varies greatly depending on the individuals and other factors. Currently TASO has some clients who were registered as early as 1988 but are still doing very well. For more information contact mail@tasouganda.org. If you would like a question answered please send an email to the address: mail@tasouganda.org/training@tasouganda.org

In general, enveloped viruses such as coronaviruses do not last a long time in the environment. In earlier studies, a different coronavirus was shown to survive for up to 3 hours on surfaces. At this time, it is uncertain how long the newly discovered coronavirus associated with SARS can survive in the environment. In one preliminary study, researchers in Hong Kong found that both dried and liquid samples of the new coronavirus survived as long as 24 hours in the environment.

Recent studies have shown that HCV can survive outside the body and still transmit infection for 16 hours, but not longer than 4 days.

After experiencing SCA, a victim’s chance of survival without an AED shock decreases by 7 to 10 percent with each passing minute. – American Heart Association

It is not surprising to find that it survives in those who have died and therefore GLOVES should be worn to prevent any contact with body secretions till the body is finally disposed off. A survey of post -mortem blood examination showed that HIV could be found in those who died depending upon the length of time between death and the examination. The syringe is a potential risk. It can remain infected for several days.

Yes. During the winter months of 2000, health workers in New York City found over-wintering mosquitoes that contained evidence of WNV.

Yes. The H5N1 virus can withstand freezing and still be dangerous when it is thawed. See Question #13 for information on things you can do to protect yourself.

They are both known threats. Many factors go into such determinations including intelligence information, known capabilities and other variables. While we cannot quantify the threat of either one being used as a bioweapon, we know the consequences of their use could be great. Vaccination is a wise, logical step to ensure preparedness for the U.S.

Yes. Anything that can minimize direct skin contact with the patient's lesions, either by covering up the lesions or by Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) on the caregiver will decrease spread of the virus. Remember that appropriate patient care must still be provided despite whatever protection is taken to prevent smallpox transmission.