There are many problems associated with tin plating. One of which is whiskering, like cadmium and zinc, thin needle-like crystals known as "whiskers" form within a period after plating that may vary from a few weeks to several years. A whisker may measure up to .0001" (2.5um) in diameter, and grow spontaneously to a length of 0.375" (10 mm). Conditions that tend to promote the growth of whiskers are compressive stresses and uniform temperatures for long periods of time.

Fretting is a common problem with Tin Plating. This is surface damage created when there is relative motions and strong contacts between parts, usually during shipping and handling. The tin plating shows black or worn spots caused by rubbed or scratched by another part. This oxide does not effect the parts functionally. They are still solderable. A way to eliminate fretting is by changing the type of packaging. (Layer packing or plastic trays are recommended) - Metal Finishing Guidebook 1997

For high speed auto plating lines, MSA based electrolytes are most common. Numerous vendors such as Fidelity, Englehardt, LeaRonal, Isihara, Schlotter and other proprietary and home brews are readily available. For manual/rack/barrel plating lines, sulfuric acid based electrolytes are most common. Even more sources are readily available from numerous vendors such as above and lots of non-proprietary home brew chemistries. These are very inexpensive!

Temperature compatibility - Matte Tin is compatible with the elevated temperatures of lead-free, reflow processing (250-260C). Bright Tin has a tendency to discolor (turn dark) when exposed to the higher lead-free, reflow processing environment. Appearance - Matte Tin has a normal whitish "matte" surface appearance whereas Bright Tin has a bright (shiny) surface finish.

Aavid's plating recipe, 100% matte tin over a nickel barrier layer, follows the standard industry approach to whisker mitigation. We understand that whiskers typically occur when tin plating directly contacts a copper or copper alloy substrate, which then diffuse into each other, forming tin-copper intermetallic. This sets up compressive forces in the plane of the plating, causing 'extrusion' of tin whiskers.

A: These may vary depending on the type of ichthyosis. Some people with ichthyosis may experience some or all of the following: Overheating: Many idividuals with ichthyosis, do not sweat normally. The thickness of their skin and the scale does not allow their sweat to reach the surface of their skin and cool them effectively. Limitations in movement: The tightness of the skin may make it painful to move some parts of the body.

Renal (kidney) impairment in NPS occurs in approximately 30-50% of cases. Renal problems in childhood are rare, but do occur. Renal failure is apparently rare prior to the fourth decade. Proteinuria with or without hematuria is the most common early indication of a renal problem. Studies and microscopic observations show hyaline thickening of the glomerular basement membrane presenting a "moth-eaten" appearance.

this time there is no standard test for Tin Whiskers. Mini-Circuits has done testing based on the conditions below: Thermal Cycling - 500 cycles It should be noted that we also make use of several process and material choices in order to mitigate the formation of intermetallics and whiskers, including:

The specification range thickness of the matte tin is 300 micro inches to 800 micro inches. The target mean thickness is 450 micro inches. This thickness has been shown to retard tin whiskers, in conjunction with other process steps.

A plating containing bright acid tin can discolor when exposed to the higher processing temperatures of lead-free, reflow soldering. Therefore it is recommended that the BAT be changed to change to Matte Tin. We are recommending that through hole parts with high temp insulators also be changed to a matte tin finish.

The thickness of the Matte Tin plating is part specific. The majority of products will have a minimum 150 micro-inch to 350 micro-inch plating thickness.

It is the intent of Samtec to continue to support customers requesting Bright Tin plating. Bright Tin will remain Samtec's "standard tin plating" until March 1, 2006. After that date, if you prefer to specify Bright Tin plating, contact Samtec Customer Service at info@samtec.com for instructions.

Consistent with our past history, it is the intent of Samtec to continue to support customers requesting Tin-lead plating. The Tin-lead plating designators "-TL" (Tin-lead) and "-STL" (Selective Tin-lead) will remain valid plating designators for part call-outs. No. Product will be shipped bearing the plating specified by the part call-outs in the customer order.

The new plating will be 100% matte tin with a nickel barrier layer between the tin and the base material.

Excessive drinking both in the form of heavy drinking or binge drinking, is associated with numerous health problems, including but not limited to Chronic diseases such as liver cirrhosis (damage to liver cells), pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), various cancers, including liver, mouth, throat, larynx (the voice box), and esophagus, high blood pressure, and psychological disorders.

Problems associated with diabetes are generally seen in long-standing cases, they include cataracts in dogs.

Yes. Problems with the formation of teeth can result in dental abscesses. These dental abscesses are not the result of poor dental hygiene, but have their basis in improper formation of dentin and other tooth structures. Like bone problems, these problems are also vary from patient to patient. Detailed information on dental problems associated with XLH is available to members in the Members Web Space.

Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome (HPS) is a rare type of albinism which includes a bleeding tendency and lung disease.HPS may also include inflammatory bowel disease or kidney disease. The severity of these problems varies much from person to person. It should be suspected in any child with albinism who shows easy bruising or unusual bleeding, such as repeated nosebleeds or bloody diarrhea. The diagnosis of HPS is made by a test not done in usual clinic, hospital, or reference labs.

Yes. When individuals use cocaine and drink alcohol at the same time, a very toxic metabolite of cocaine is formed.

Diabetes, High Blood Pressure, Obstructive sleep apnea (breathing problems during sleep), stroke, coronary artery disease, vascular disease, hyperlipidemia, certain cancers (breast, prostate, endometrial, colon), osteoarthritis, skin infections, leg swelling, psychological problems

Children with ASDs may also have other developmental disabilities such as mental retardation (also called intellectual impairment), epilepsy, fragile X syndrome or tuberous sclerosis. Some children may also have psychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety. Some children may have attention deficits, sensory issues, sleep problems, and gastrointestinal disorders. It is important to remember that children with ASDs can get sick or injured just like other children.

By smoking during pregnancy, women place themselves and their babies at risk for a number of serious health problems caused by tobacco. Women who smoke during pregnancy double their risk of having potentially life-threatening complications with the pregnancy. They are also 80% more likely to suffer a miscarriage than non-smoking pregnant women. In addition, the risks of having a stillborn baby or low birth weight are dramatically increased.

One of the first necessary steps for implementing usage-based pricing (either for congestion control or multiple service class allocation) is to measure and account for usage. Accounting poses some serious problems. For one thing, packet service is inherently ill-suited to detailed usage accounting, because every packet is independent. As an example, a one-minute phone call in a circuit-switched network requires one accounting entry in the usage database.

Re-plating is renewing the surface of your item with the appropriate metal, silver, gold, pewter, brass, through an electromagnetic process.

A TIN is a Triangulated Irregular Network wherein each and every point in the DTM with an elevation (z) is interconnected in a in a one-to-one relationship to any and all other ajoining elevation points. (see mapping collection page)

Ticks transmit a large number of diseases in North America. These diseases include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, relapsing fever, ehrlichiosis, tularemia, and tick paralysis. It is important for the health of your pet, as well as the safety of your family, to include ticks in your pet’s year-round parasite control program.

Arachnoiditis in the lumbosacral region of the spinal canal can affect the autonomic nerve supply to the bladder and bowel, leading to dysfunction. Bladder: either decreased activity with difficulty passing urine and inability to completely empty the bladder, or increased activity resulting in urgency or incontinence.

There are numerous problems with the renovation plan that is currently being presented to the community by the SCASD board. The primary concerns are cost, community value and educational impact. Cost of renovations on a building that will be 60% new are rising closer if not higher than projected new construction might be. The "target" cost of the project is currently $30-40 million dollars higher than what was initially discussed by the board ($68 million to $102 million).