The massive molars and powerful jaws of a wolf are used to crush the bones of its prey. The biting capacity of a wolf is 1,500 pounds of pressure per square inch. The strength of a wolf's jaws makes it possible to bite through a moose femur in six to eight bites. In comparison, a German shepherd has a biting pressure of 750 pounds per square inch. A human has a much lower biting pressure of 300 pounds per square inch.

The natural causes of wolf mortality are primarily starvation, which kills mostly pups, and death from other wolves because of territory fights. While not usually a big problem, disease such as mange and canine parvovirus can be a concern in small and recovering populations. Injuries caused by prey results in some deaths. Human-caused mortality including legal, illegal, and accidental causes, can be high in some populations.

Wolves will travel for long distances by trotting at about five miles per hour. They can run at speeds of 25 to 35 miles per hour for short bursts while chasing prey.

Wolves may travel 10 to 30 miles each day in search of food. Dispersing wolves, those leaving packs in search of their own mate, have been known to travel distances of 550 miles away form their home territory. Our website contains several pages on wolves, as well as PDF files of maps and scientific papers related to the topics discussed. The links below will allow you to navigate to those pages or download the PDF files (Adobe Acrobat required).

In Minnesota, wolves kill the average equivalent of 15 to 20 adult-sized deer per wolf per year. Given the 1997-98 estimate of 2,450 wolves in Minnesota, that would equal about 36,750 to 49,000 deer killed by wolves. In comparison, from 1995-1999 hunters killed between 32,300 to 78,200 deer each year in Minnesota's wolf range. In addition, several thousand deer are killed during collisions with vehicles each year.

In absolute terms, there is no good measurement because you never know how hard they are biting. That applies to most animals but we do know the relative strength. Devils have jaws of biting power as strong as a dog about 4 times their weight. So a 10 kg devil has as powerful a bite as a 40 kg dog. In this respect they are very similar to hyenas, particularly the spotted hyena.

In the United States, the gray wolf was once found in Alaska and most of the continental United States, (except for part of coastal California and the southeast, where its range overlapped with that of the red wolf). Currently, there are self-sustaining populations in only seven states: Alaska, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan.

The current estimate for the continental United States is about 5,000 gray wolves (Canis lupus). Genetic data suggest that the historic population in this area was roughly 400,000. Alaska's population is estimated between 7,700 and 11,200. The closely related red wolf (Canis rufus) is all but extinct.

Ontario is fortunate to be home to two types of wolves, who range across the province. Gray wolves are not at this time listed as a species at risk, but CPAWS and other organizations are concerned that insufficient data exist to support MNR claims that the populations are healthy (they have never been able to provide any scientific data to substantiate this claim) .

The gray wolf is larger than the red wolf. Additionally, some features such as longer ears and snout on the red wolf distinguishes from the gray wolf.

There are three species of wolves in the world: the gray wolf (Canis lupus), the red wolf (Canis rufus) and the Ethiopian (or Abyssinian) wolf, (Canis simensis). Some researchers believe the Ethiopian wolf is not a wolf, but actually a jackal.

Wolves usually live in packs which consist of the adult parents, referred to as the alpha pair, and their offspring of perhaps the last 2 or 3 years. The adult parents are usually unrelated and other unrelated wolves may sometimes join the pack.

Pack size is highly variable because of birth of pups, dispersal, and mortality. Generally, a gray wolf pack has from six to eight wolves, but in Alaska and northwestern Canada some packs have over 30 members. Red wolf packs are generally smaller than gray wolf packs and usually have 2 to 8 members, but a pack of 12 is known in the wild.

Wolves breed at slightly different times, depending on where they live. For example, gray wolves in the Great Lakes Region breed in February to March, while gray wolves in the Arctic may breed slightly later in March to April.

The average length (tip of nose to tip of tail) of an adult female gray wolf is 4.5 to 6 feet; adult males average 5 to 6.5 feet. The average height (at the shoulder) of a gray wolf is 26 to 32 inches. The average length (tip of nose to tip of tail) of an adult red wolf is 4.5 to 5.5 feet. The average height (at the shoulder) of an adult red wolf is about 26 inches.

Gray wolves prey primarily on large, hoofed mammals such as white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, elk, caribou, bison, Dall sheep, musk oxen, and mountain goat. Medium sized mammals, such as beaver and snowshoe hare, can be an important secondary food source. Occasional wolves will prey on birds or small mammals.

JAWS stands for "Job Access for Windows and Speech." It is a screen reader program created by Freedom Scientific, which allows people who are blind to gain access to information on their computers.

No. Although the wolf survives as an endangered species in a handful of states, from 7,500 to 10,000 wolves populate Alaska — from the most remote wilderness region to the suburbs of our largest cities. Because so much of this state is undeveloped, with more than 160 million acres permanently set aside in protected status (an area larger than California), the wolf is assured of a permanent home in Alaska.

Adult female gray wolves in northern Minnesota weigh between 50 and 85 pounds, and adult males between 70 and 110 pounds. Gray wolves are larger in the northwestern United States, Canada, and Alaska where adult males weigh 85 to 115 pounds and occasionally reach 130 pounds.

Gray wolves in the wild have an average life span of 6 to 8 years, but have been known to live up to 13 years in the wild and 16 years in captivity. Red wolves in the wild have an average life span of 8 to 9 years, but have been known to live up to 12 years in the wild and 16 years in captivity.

Yes - some customers prefer to keep some gray hair - blending them in naturally. To achieve this, do not apply Restoria Discreet to any area you want to keep gray and simply comb your hair normally so the colours blend naturally together.

The "Heavy Perimeter Fence" (constructed of the finest quality polypropylene) is virtually impenetrable to deer, particularly when reinforced with our nylon tension cable. We have many reports of deer repeatedly bouncing off the material in an attempt to escape when they have become accidentally trapped inside the enclosure.

Passwords should not contain special characters (special characters cause problems with Discoverer log-ons, especially $ and @) Passwords cannot be re-used within 135 days (You do not have to change your password if you have ONLY the Self Service responsibility.)

With your window focus on JAWS, press Alt+F4; then press Enter to exit JAWS. You can also go into the JAWS Options menu by pressing the Alt key, pressing your Down-Arrow key once until you hear JAWS say "Basics" and select Exit by pressing your Up- or Down-arrow key until you hear that option and then press Enter.

Yes, we can accept donations of gray hair. Because we only provide hairpieces to children, we cannot use this hair in a hairpiece but will sell it to offset our manufacturing costs.

The "little gray can" in the Ecotrin? bottle is placed there intentionally to absorb moisture and keep the tablets from sticking together. This is an additional measure Ecotrin? takes to ensure a high-quality and effective product. Aspirin, including Ecotrin?, should not be taken with other blood-thinning (anticoagulant) drugs such as warfarin (Coumidin?).

The gray wolf, Canis lupus, lives in the northern latitudes around the world. There are five subspecies of the gray wolf in North America and seven to 12 in Eurasia. The currently recognized subspecies in North America are: Subspecies are often difficult to distinguish from one another. This is because they interbreed where their ranges overlap so that their populations tend to blend together rather than form distinctive boundaries.

The size of a wolf's track is dependent on the age and size of the wolf, as well as the substrate the track was made in. A good size estimate for a gray wolf's track size is 4 1/2 inches long by 3 1/2 inches wide. In comparison, a coyote's track will be closer to 2 1/2 inches long by 1 1/2 inches wide. Only a few breeds of dogs leave tracks longer than 4 inches (Great Danes, St. Bernards, and some bloodhounds).