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Who first found that Europa's surface is ice-rich?

According to David Morrison in the introduction to the book "Satellites of Jupiter," both Americans and Russians can lay some claim to the discovery. He writes: "Near-infrared photometry provided the first clue to surface composition; in a landmark abstract Kuiper (1957) suggested from limited data, never published, that Europa and Ganymede had water ice surfaces, and Moroz (1961) later came to the same conclusion from similar broadband infrared observations."
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How old is Europa's surface, and how do we know?

Galileo imaging shows that Europa's surface is sparsely cratered, meaning that the surface is probably young. Simulations of comet and asteroid orbits indicate that it is primarily comets which slam into Europa and the other Galilean satellites. From the modeled and observed numbers of comets in the vicinity of Jupiter today, estimates can be made for the surface age of Europa based on the number and sizes of the moon's impact craters.
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What is europa.* ?

en][FAQ] Introduction to europa.*
Europa.* is an international hierarchy for topics covering the continent of Europe. It enables discussion between people from different european countries. More information can be found on the europa.* website: http://www.europa.usenet.eu.org/ For an actual list of europa.* newsgroups, please refer to the current europa-checkgroups, which can be found here: http://www.europa.usenet.eu.org/checkgrps.html
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Will I get rich?

The 48 Hour Film Project: Frequently Asked Questions
Probably not. As far as we know, no one has made much money selling a 48HFP film. However, some of our filmmakers have had success with their films in other festivals including SXSW; one team won a $100K filmmaking package at a festival; and filmmakers have used recognition of their 48HFP film to get paying work. Additionally, we at the 48HFP have set up an arrangement whereby if we're able to earn money by distributing your film, you will receive a portion of that money.
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What causes frost or ice crystals to appear on the surface of frozen vegetables such as broccoli?

National Center for Home Food Preservation | Freezing FAQs
Inadequate draining of vegetables before freezing, slow freezing or fluctuation of storage temperatures above 0°F may cause undesirable formation of large and excessive ice crystals. This can affect the texture as well as appearance of frozen vegetables.
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Who steers europa.* ?

en][FAQ] Introduction to europa.*
Here are the members of europa.* hierarchy's steering group: (see also http://www.europa.usenet.eu.org/steering.html ) Coordinator and Website management: Andy Roberts [en,fr,ia] andy.roberts@zetnet.co.uk PGP Key holder and cmsg issuing: Mario Benvenuti [it,en] mario@computerville.it Editors: Martijn Dekker [nl,ia,en,sv,no,da,de,fr,es,it,pt,af] martijn@inlv.demon.nl Philippe Vigeral [fr,en,es,ia,ca,it,pt] phv@pottok.org Marcin D?bowski [pl,en,de,ru,nl] agatek@notrix.
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How can I improve my skating skills through the summer without using an ice surface?

Mr Assist.com
Thank you for your question. I feel the most beneficial activity is using a Slide Board. Plyometrics will really help - here is a good website with useful information and exercises www.sport-fitness-advisor.com Work on Agility too - an Agility Ladder works well for this as do Balance Boards.
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FAQ
Of course not, we're dogs. As for our "parents" they are your average middle-class Americans who set their priorities different from most other people. They were blessed with an opportunity to work online while overseas. Maintaining an internet connection presented another set of challenges along with traveling with us, but in the end it was well worth it.
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WILL I BECOME RICH?

XINTENSE.COM
I doubt it. Hardly any model earns more than a london PA at best. Most models learn to live the life early in their careers, the Gucci, Prada etc & this all costs. So most models have to suppliment their income with dancing in a club etc as this pays (generally) a lot more than modeling. So don't be fooled into thinking you will drive a Z4 & holliday in Marbella, unles you are a household name, and a good one at that. Find a football player. Time for Print is very simple.
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How do I clear a surface?

Frequently Asked Questions
If you want to clear your surface to a uniform, opaque color then it is quite straightforward: /* Set surface to opaque color (r, g, b) */ cairo_set_source_rgb (cr, r, g, b); cairo_paint (cr); However, what if you want to clear the surface to something other than an opaque color.
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How do I paint from one surface to another?

Frequently Asked Questions
If you have some surface source which you'd like to paint to some surface destination at position (x, y) you would use code as follows: cairo_t *cr = cairo_create (destination); cairo_set_source_surface (cr, source, x, y); cairo_paint (cr); Note that the paint operation will copy the entire surface.
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PageTop ] 4. What happens to the dry ice once it strikes the surface ?

Frequently Asked Questions
It sublimates and returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. CO2 is a naturally occurring element that constitutes less than 1% of our atmosphere.
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Is ice a problem?

Hallet Gutter Cover® - Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Hallett Gutter Cover® won't solve any ice problems, but it will not create any new ones. It helps eliminate ice build up in your gutters and downspouts, which can lead to severe damage. Ice and snow will sit on top of the cover, not in your gutters.
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AA. What do Rich-Burn or Lean-Burn Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) mean?

Frequently Asked Questions
A Rich?Burn Engine is a spark-ignited, Otto-cycle or two-stroke engine that is operated with gaseous fuel as defined in Rule 431.1 and with an exhaust stream oxygen concentration of less than 4 percent by volume. A Lean?Burn Engine is a spark-ignited, Otto-cycle or two-stroke engine that is operated with gaseous fuel as defined in Rule 431.1 and with an exhaust stream oxygen concentration of 4 percent by volume, or greater.
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Which language should I use on europa.* ?

en][FAQ] Introduction to europa.*
Europa.* is a multilingual hierarchy, i.e. messages are allowed in any language in use in Europe. There is no 'reference language' on europa.* and multilingual threads are encouraged. Every document, like this FAQ, is published in as many languages as possible. If you consider that some document is missing a translation in a special language, you can send a message to the steering group at: contact@europa.usenet.eu.org and, much better, propose a translation of your own. :-)
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What are the good practice rules on europa.* ?

en][FAQ] Introduction to europa.*
Usual Usenet rules for posting of course applies to europa.* and some more are requested by its specific multilingual nature: stated above (see 1.3.), you are advised to state clearly in your posts what languages you can understand, even if you are not fluent in writing them. On the other hand, when answering, please do your best to use a language you are aware the previous sender understands.
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Where is Canon Europa NV based?

Canon Europe - FAQs
Canon Europa NV is located approximately 18km South-West of Amsterdam in Amstelveen. You can find details of how to reach us in the Our Locations section.
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How many people work for Canon Europa?

Canon Europe - FAQs
There are around 500 people employed in Amstelveen. This includes more than 80 expatriates from Japan and about the same number of expatriates from other countries. We also employ a further 11,000 people across Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
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Do "icebergs" really exist on Europa?

In close-up pictures of Europa's "chaos" region, it can be seen that there are "blocks" or "plates" which have moved about relative to one another. These have informally been referred to as "icebergs," but this term is improperly suggestive, invoking visions of ice chunks floating in terrestrial polar seas. On Europa it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to melt from a subsurface ocean all the way to the surface.
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When will the Europa Orbiter get there, and how will it determine whether there is an ocean?

Launch of the Europa Orbiter mission has been delayed until perhaps 2006 or 2007. Travel time to Jupiter is about 3 years, then it takes another 2.5 years or so to drop into Europa orbit. This means arrival in 2013 or 2014. The mission itself would last only a month or two after that, but enough to make critical measurements.
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What proof do you have that you're rich?

The Rich Jerk - Frequently Asked Questions
My support staff can attach the book to an email for you. These poor saps will get canned if they send you a copy of the book without a proof of purchase, so contact us, but you MUST include your order/receipt number.
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Who is this .Rich Burlew. guy?

Giant In the Playground Games
Rich Burlew is me. Hi. I.m the owner of the website, author of the vast majority of things you will read here.everything not marked as having been written by someone else, in fact. In addition to this website and writing the Order of the Stick, I occasionally am asked to write freelance material for Wizards of the Coast, publisher of the D&D game. As time goes on, I hope to write for other game companies as well. You can read a bio of me under The Giant, to the left. Top
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So are you rich yet?

FREQUENTLY ASKED

Question
My work has always been based on physics, not astrology. My first article, In Search of the Cause of Cycles, set the tone. That article and many more are included in my book of article reprints, titled "Market AstroPhysics and Chaos", which you can find at http://www.cashinonchaos.com/hans/products/products.html Each article has a list of references.
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How can I get rich quick?

Forex FAQ's
If you use high leverage and get super lucky. Let's say you leverage your positions at 100:1. That means that if you start with $1,000, at full margin, you can trade $100,000 of currency. So, if you have $1,000 to trade and you want to buy Euros for example, if the EUR/USD pair is at 1.20 and it rises to 1.21 in ten minutes you make a $1,000 profit. You double your initial investment in just ten minutes!
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How thick is the ice?

phxroadrunners.com: F.A.Q.'s
The best ice for pro hockey is usually held at 16° F for the proper hardness and approximately ¾" thick. The thicker the sheet of ice becomes, the softer and slower it is. Commercial ice shows perform on warmer, slower, softer ice.
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