High Dynamic Range images are scene-referred. This means that an HDR image stores the values of light as captured by the camera. Unlike output-referred jpeg files produced by cameras, HDR images are not pre-processed for the purpose of a pleasant display on monitors. The values of an HDR image remain proportional to light, i.e. they are linear values. So, the gamma for an HDR image would be just 1, which is the same as to say that they do not have a gamma.

The two most popular formats for storing HDR images, OpenEXR and Radiance, offer a mechanism for characterizing the image. Since HDR images store linear values, the only thing needed to determine the color space is the color matrix relating the RGB values of the capturing device to standard XYZ coordinates. Both OpenEXR and Radiance formats offer the ability to store a chromaticity attribute in the file header.

High Dynamic Range Images (HDRIs) are used for realistic lighting of 3D scenes through a technique called Image Based Lighting. Given that HDRIs store the whole range of "real-word" luminance information, Global Illumination algorithms use them to simulate natural light. In order to capture the lighting of the scene in all directions, HDRIs intended for 3D Lighting are often 360º panoramic images.

You can find light probes on my site here. The images require unwrapping to panorama format. Please ask me for permission before using them! You can also find light probes at Paul Debevec's website: http://www.debevec.org/Probes/

The luminance generated by a physical device is generally not a linear function of the applied signal. A conventional CRT has a power-law response to voltage: luminance produced at the face of the display is approximately proportional to the applied voltage raised to the 2.5 power. The numerical value of the exponent of this power function is colloquially known as gamma. This nonlinearity must be compensated in order to achieve correct reproduction of luminance.

This is because of two possible causes. 1. You might not have scaled your HDRI to an exposure in HDRShop, or 2. You haven't set your gamma preferences in 3DSMax. To adjust gamma settings in 3DSMax, go to Customize > Preferences > Gamma > Tick 'Enable Gamma Correction'. Although it sounds like it does what you don't want it to, this in fact fixes the problem and your HDR images should now import in to 3DSMax completely unchanged.

The Dynamic Range of real-world scenes can be quite high -- ratios of 100,000:1 are common in the natural world. An HDR (High Dynamic Range) image stores pixel values that span the whole tonal range of real-world scenes. Therefore, an HDR image is encoded in a format that allows the largest range of values, e.g. floating-point values stored with 32 bits per color channel. Another characteristics of an HDR image is that it stores linear values.

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The RadWare matrix formats are very simple, just direct-access, unformatted integers, one record per row of 4096 channels. These integers can be either 2 Bytes per channel (for the .mat format) or 4 Bytes per channel (for the .spn / .m4b format). A standard matrix (.mat) file is 4096*4096*2 bytes, with one unformatted direct-access record of 8192 bytes per row. Subroutine rmat in src/libsutil/util.c reads such a file, but it's very simple to write.

In a video system, luminance of each of the linear-light red, green, and blue (tristimulus) components is transformed to a nonlinear video signal by gamma correction, which is universally done at the camera. The Rec. 709 transfer function takes linear-light tristimulus value (here L) to a nonlinear component (here E'), for example, voltage in a video system: The linear segment near black minimizes the effect of sensor noise in practical cameras and scanners. Here is a graph of the Rec.

Apple offers no definition of the nonlinearity - or loosely speaking, gamma - that is intrinsic in QuickDraw. But the combination of a default QuickDraw lookup table and a standard monitor causes luminance to represent the 1.8-power of the R, G, and B values presented to QuickDraw. It is wrongly believed that Macintosh computers use monitors whose transfer function is different from the rest of the industry. The unconventional QuickDraw handling of nonlinearity is the root of this misconception.

HDR brachytherapy uses a single radioactive seed made of iridium-194 which is sometimes referred to as an iridium wire. Soft flexible plastic catheters are inserted through the perineum and into the prostate gland. HDR brachytherapy entails an overnight stay in the hospital during which a patient undergoes two or three treatments with the wire through each catheter.

Most digital cameras are only able to capture a limited dynamic range (the exposure setting determines which part of the total dynamic range will be captured). This is why HDR images are commonly created from photos of the same scene taken under different exposure levels. Set your camera to manual exposure mode. Select an appropriate aperture for your scene (e.g. f/8 or less if you need more depth of field) and the lowest ISO setting.

HDR Pro is a combination of the HDR Pro software and a single FireWire® drive bay that has been fitted for a Mackie Media M90 drive. The HDR Pro software for the HDR24/96 implements the ability to save an HDR24/96 Project File as a Pro Tools™ Session file (for Mac versions 3.x through 5.x) directly to a Mackie Media M90 drive installed in the removable drive bay. The HDR Pro software also gives you the ability to import a Pro Tools Session (created in versions 3.x through 5.

Gamma ray bursts (GRBs for short) are intense and short (approximately 0.1-100 seconds long) bursts of gamma-ray radiation that occur all over the sky approximately once per day at very large distances from Earth. Gamma rays are very energetic photons (E>10^5 eV), which represent the most extreme portion of the electromagnetic spectrum (ranging from radio waves at the lowest energies through visible optical light at higher energies, to gamma rays at the highest energies).

The naming system for gamma ray bursts is very simple: "GRB yymmdd". For exmaple, a gamma ray burst which occured on July 4, 1999 is called GRB 990704. If there is more than one gamma ray burst on the same day, the letter a, b, c, etc. are added to the name (for example, the second gamma ray burst on July 4, 1999 is called GRB 990704b).

Up until the 1990s and the launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO; see next question) there was a heated debate in the astronomical community about the source of, and distance to gamma ray bursts. One group claimed that gamma ray bursts occur in our own galaxy (the Milky Way), while others claimed that they occur in very distant galaxies.

Based on almost 30 years of observing gamma ray bursts, we now think that on average there is one gamma ray burst per day somewhere in the Universe. However, recent developments in the study of gamma ray bursts indicates that the true number of these events may be 500 times larger. This means that we only see one out of every 500 gamma ray bursts.

Gamma ray bursts are detected by satellites orbiting the Earth and travelling through the Solar system. They can only be detected from space because the Earth's atmosphere absorbs gamma rays and therefore we cannot observe them from the ground. The first gamma ray bursts were detected by the Vela satellites, which were launched in the 1960s to ensure compliance with the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

The study of several thousand bursts has shown that there are two main classes of gamma ray bursts: those shorter than 2 seconds, and those longer than 2 seconds. In addition, it was found that the short bursts release more of their energy in very energetic gamma rays relative to the longer bursts. Therefore the terminology that is used to describe the two classes is "short and hard" and "long and soft". All of all bursts that have been studied in detail so far are "long and soft".

In principal every gamma ray burst is followed by an afterglow. However, we do not always see these afterglows for several reasons. First, prior to 1997 and the launch of the BeppoSAX satellite (see question 15) it was impossible to find the position of gamma ray burst accurately enough to detect the afterglow. Second, even after 1997 the afterglows from some gamma ray bursts are too faint to detect from Earth.

There are many popular level and scientific articles about gamma ray bursts. For popular level discussion of gamma ray bursts try looking for articles in Scientific American. Scientific articles can be found on the astro-ph preprint server and ADS.

The Gamma Knife Perfexion? precisely focuses 192 beams of gamma radiation on a specific target area of the brain, with each beam originating from a slightly different point. Highly sophisticated computer software is used to determine the size, location and shape of the area to be treated. Only at the point where all 192 beams cross is enough radiation delivered to affect the diseased tissue, while sparing surrounding tissue.

This noninvasive technology treats patients with abnormalities that are located within the brain or that are too close to delicate structures and blood vessels (though it is most effective on targets less than four centimeters in size). Almost a third of all the patients treated with the Gamma Knife since 1968 have sought relief from blood vessel problems (i.e. AVMs). Nearly two-thirds were treated for brain tumors, including cancer, glial tumors and rarer types of tumors.

The individual beams of gamma radiation are not strong enough to damage any tissue as they travel through the skull to the treatment site. At the site, the beams join together pecisely to act in the same way a surgical "knife" would to treat the abnormality.

Yes. HDR Pro can be used with any new or existing HDR24/96 Recorder/Editor. HDR Pro is only sold by itself, so you must either own an HDR24/96, or purchase one when you purchase HDR Pro.

Download the patch from the download page and place the 'bin' folder in your C:\Program Files\Valve\Steam\SteamApps\SourceMods\Half-Life 2 Redux 2.0 Premium\bin

It is now thought that the "long and soft" gamma ray burts come from the collapse of massive stars, while the "short and hard" bursts come from the merger of binary systems. This result comes from computer simulations which show that the merger of neutron star or black hole binaries occurs much faster than the collapse of the iron core of a massive star.