We are not aware of any tornadoes occurring in the Arctic Circle. Tornadoes need moisture and warm air to form, which is unusual at that lattitude. Plus tornadoes or their evidence have to be observed by someone, and the Arctic Circle has few residents!

The Arctic Circle is an imaginary line at latitude at 66° 32~33' North (depending on the earth's wobble) defined by the northernmost point where you can still see the sun on winter solstice, the shortest day of the year, December 21.

In the strictest sense, the Arctic is all of the Earth north of the Arctic Circle, which is located at 66 degrees, 32 minutes North Latitude. However, there are other definitions to suit specific scientific or political interests. For instance, the U.S. Congress has decreed that all of the Bering Sea, which extends southward to about 53 degrees North Latitude, is part of the Arctic for internal U.S. planning and budgeting purposes.

nbsp   No. Penguins didn't evolve in the northern hemsiphere, and with the exception of the Galapagos penguin, no species of penguin naturally inhabits any land north of the equator. Galapagos penguins sometimes feed and stray slighly north of the equator. No. It was published in an April Fool's edition of Discovery Magazine. No land mammals are indiginous to Antarctica. How silly!

The Arctic environment is unique in many ways and offers the opportunity for a great many discoveries about how the physical and biologic environments function under the "extreme" conditions found in the Arctic. Several species of animals are unique to the Arctic (e.g., polar bear, walrus, musk ox) and many species of birds have their summer home there.

The Arctic is inhabited by several different groups of indigenous people, and also by relatively recent immigrants of mostly European background. In Alaska, for example, indigenous people account for about 70% or more of the total population in mainland areas bordering the Bering, Chukchi, or Beaufort Seas. In Russia, only 15% or fewer of the inhabitants along the north coast are indigenous people.

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The first Arctic explorers were the Inuit themselves. Though most of their journeys remain undocumented, the Inuit have been traveling and exploring the icy waters and frigid continents of the Arctic region for thousands of years in search of food, supplies and settlement areas. It was not until the 1800's that Europeans began to search in earnest for a "Northwest Passage" to the Orient.

The Arctic is becoming an increasingly popular tourist destination. Whether you are an experienced outdoor camper or an armchair enthusiast, Arctic travel offers something for everyone. From full-blown expeditions to the North Pole to brief excursions along a mainland coast, Arctic travel can take many forms depending on your budget, curiosity and adventurous spirit. You can visit the Arctic on your own or as part of a tour.

Studies now underway in the Arctic should lead to more reliable forecasts of weather over the Arctic and in heavily populated mid-latitude areas. We will learn more about how the Arctic influences the global climate and achieve greater insight about the climate our children will experience. We will be better able to quantify, manage and use the natural resources of the Arctic.

There is no simple answer to this question. Good records of temperature and precipitation are available for the last 50 years, but data quantity and quality are diminished in prior years. It is clear that the Arctic has undergone significant change in the last 50 years, but the changes differ in different regions in the Arctic. For example, Alaska has experienced significant warming over the past 30 years, with average wintertime temperatures about 6 degrees warmer now than in the 1960's.

The Arctic is a vast, ice-covered ocean that is surrounded by tree-less, frozen land, which is often covered with snow and ice. The rigors of this harsh environment are a challenge to living, working and performing research in the Arctic. None the less, the Arctic is an ecosystem that teems with life including organisms living in the ice, fish and marine mammals living in the sea, birds, land animals such as wolves, caribou and polar bears, and human societies.

The average tornado moves from southwest to northeast, but tornadoes have been known to move in any direction. The average forward speed is 30 mph but may vary from nearly stationary to 70 mph.

Tornadoes can last from a few seconds to more than an hour. They might remain on the ground for just a few yards or for more than 100 miles. On average, tornadoes move from the southwest to the northeast at about 30 mph. However, as the killer Jarrell, Texas, tornado of May 27, 1997, showed, tornadoes can defy these averages. The "F-5" tornado that killed 27 people when it churned through a Jarrell subdivision moved southwest at only 10 mph.

In an average year, about 1,000 tornadoes are reported across the United States, resulting in 80 deaths and over 1,500 injuries. A tornado is a violently rotating column of air extending from a cumuliform cloud and in contact with the ground. A tornado usually (but not always) is visible due to condensation and dust and debris within the rotating column.

Tornadoes are possible anywhere in the United States, but are most common in the central plains east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Appalachians. They usually occur in the late afternoon and evening during the spring and summer, being most common in the south in early spring and in the northern tier of states in the summer. However, tornadoes can occur on any day of the year and at any hour.

Once thunderstorms develop, the National Weather Service's WSR-88D Doppler radar is used to evaluate severe weather and tornadic radar signatures in order to make short-term predictions of tornado occurrence. If a tornado is suspected, a tornado warning is issued for the affected area. However, while Doppler radar can interrogate severe storms very well, it cannot always detect the small-scale processes that actually lead to tornadogenesis.

The word arctic means "bear" in ancient Greek. It refers to the constel- lations of the Great Bear and Little Bear, which you can find in the night sky near the North Star. The North Star, currently Polaris, in the Alpha Ursae Minoris, or Little Bear Constellation, is also known as the Lode Star or Pole Star, and is part of the Little Dipper, 431 light years away.

The Arctic is a key region for scientific research. Current studies are focused on biological adaptations, climate change, permafrost processes, atmospheric phenomena, glaciology, sea ice dynamics, marine ecosystems, and more. By improving our understanding of natural processes in the relatively undisturbed Arctic environment, scientists hope to contribute to knowledge about the Earth as a whole.

Significant reductions in ozone content in the stratosphere above the Arctic have been observed during the late winter and early spring (January-March) in 6 of the last 9 years. However, these reductions, typically 20-25%, are much smaller than those observed currently each spring over the Antarctic (the ozone hole). The difference between ozone content in the two polar regions (see figure below) is caused by dissimilar weather patterns.

The Arctic situation may be different. I have not studied it close enough to comment. From what I know it is different, and more observations have been made over the last several years to back up what is being researched there.

For humans that live in the Arctic, conditions there dictate lifestyle to a very great extent. Residents must cope with very low temperatures and constant darkness in the winter, and temperatures above freezing and constant daylight in the summer. While temperatures are below freezing, the frozen, snow covered ground, ice covered rivers, and shore-fast ice are utilized for transportation using dog sleds (traditionally) or snowmobiles (recently).

Arctic is the name of the exciting line of Shepherd Color pigments that reflect the sun's infrared energy. These pigments allow the formulation of dark-colored systems that minimize heat build-up and meet Energy Star requirements for solar reflectivity.

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