Adjustment to the wild presents a challenge for any captive-reared animal. Reintroduced wolves have immediately demonstrated their retention of wild behavior upon release, including killing of wild elk within three weeks of the release of the first wolf pack in 1998.

There are three species of wolves in the world: the gray wolf (Canis lupus), the red wolf (Canis rufus) and the Ethiopian (or Abyssinian) wolf, (Canis simensis). Some researchers believe the Ethiopian wolf is not a wolf, but actually a jackal.

Wolves usually live in packs which consist of the adult parents, referred to as the alpha pair, and their offspring of perhaps the last 2 or 3 years. The adult parents are usually unrelated and other unrelated wolves may sometimes join the pack.

Pack size is highly variable because of birth of pups, dispersal, and mortality. Generally, a gray wolf pack has from six to eight wolves, but in Alaska and northwestern Canada some packs have over 30 members. Red wolf packs are generally smaller than gray wolf packs and usually have 2 to 8 members, but a pack of 12 is known in the wild.

Wolves breed at slightly different times, depending on where they live. For example, gray wolves in the Great Lakes Region breed in February to March, while gray wolves in the Arctic may breed slightly later in March to April.

The average length (tip of nose to tip of tail) of an adult female gray wolf is 4.5 to 6 feet; adult males average 5 to 6.5 feet. The average height (at the shoulder) of a gray wolf is 26 to 32 inches. The average length (tip of nose to tip of tail) of an adult red wolf is 4.5 to 5.5 feet. The average height (at the shoulder) of an adult red wolf is about 26 inches.

Gray wolves prey primarily on large, hoofed mammals such as white-tailed deer, mule deer, moose, elk, caribou, bison, Dall sheep, musk oxen, and mountain goat. Medium sized mammals, such as beaver and snowshoe hare, can be an important secondary food source. Occasional wolves will prey on birds or small mammals.

Jonathan: Hmmmm, yes. But its a LONG LONG answer. It begins with our talk at MACNA about bioorganic molecules. To summarize BRIEFLY (please email for more detail)... Captive systems are CLOSED. Same old water circulating. Open ocean reef has ultimate dilution factors. So, in a closed system, we have a MUCH higher concentration of EVERYTHING. In addition, we are subjecting animals to artificial light, foreign foods, and often foreign animals they have never encountered.

The Illinois Department of Natural Resources is testing thousands of animals from Illinois’s wild deer population. The Illinois Department of Agriculture monitors captive deer and elk herds in the state. Also, the Department of Agriculture obtains samples from captive deer and elk herds at slaughter plants.

Greyhounds love people, in fact more than most breeds, and tend to be quite sociable. They have been handled a great deal during their early years by dog walkers, trainers, veterinarians and others. Many trainers are women who bring their children to work, so the dogs frequently have been exposed to children of all ages.

No. Although the wolf survives as an endangered species in a handful of states, from 7,500 to 10,000 wolves populate Alaska — from the most remote wilderness region to the suburbs of our largest cities. Because so much of this state is undeveloped, with more than 160 million acres permanently set aside in protected status (an area larger than California), the wolf is assured of a permanent home in Alaska.

Adult female gray wolves in northern Minnesota weigh between 50 and 85 pounds, and adult males between 70 and 110 pounds. Gray wolves are larger in the northwestern United States, Canada, and Alaska where adult males weigh 85 to 115 pounds and occasionally reach 130 pounds.

The massive molars and powerful jaws of a wolf are used to crush the bones of its prey. The biting capacity of a wolf is 1,500 pounds of pressure per square inch. The strength of a wolf's jaws makes it possible to bite through a moose femur in six to eight bites. In comparison, a German shepherd has a biting pressure of 750 pounds per square inch. A human has a much lower biting pressure of 300 pounds per square inch.

Gray wolves in the wild have an average life span of 6 to 8 years, but have been known to live up to 13 years in the wild and 16 years in captivity. Red wolves in the wild have an average life span of 8 to 9 years, but have been known to live up to 12 years in the wild and 16 years in captivity.

The natural causes of wolf mortality are primarily starvation, which kills mostly pups, and death from other wolves because of territory fights. While not usually a big problem, disease such as mange and canine parvovirus can be a concern in small and recovering populations. Injuries caused by prey results in some deaths. Human-caused mortality including legal, illegal, and accidental causes, can be high in some populations.

Wolves will travel for long distances by trotting at about five miles per hour. They can run at speeds of 25 to 35 miles per hour for short bursts while chasing prey.

Wolves may travel 10 to 30 miles each day in search of food. Dispersing wolves, those leaving packs in search of their own mate, have been known to travel distances of 550 miles away form their home territory. Our website contains several pages on wolves, as well as PDF files of maps and scientific papers related to the topics discussed. The links below will allow you to navigate to those pages or download the PDF files (Adobe Acrobat required).

One section of the trail is optimistically marked "Zona de Osos" ("Bear Zone"), but your chances of stumbling across a bear are probably very slight. Making noise as you walk and staying on the trail will reduce them still further. Predatory wildlife on the Inca Trail consists mainly of the local pigs and dogs around Huayllabamba (who will eat anything that you leave outside, including boots, rucksacks and plastic garbage bags) and biting flies, which will eat you.

Yes our puppies are home reared. All our dogs live in our home & our puppies are born in the study & stay there until they are four/five weeks old. After this they move into the kitchen were the environment is more stimulating! Once the puppies reach 6 weeks of age, they join us (& the adult dogs) in the sitting room for brief periods in the evenings. Here they get ample chance to socialise with the other dogs and to enjoy a cuddle from us!

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The Kerry is a powerful, agile, and athletic dog that requires regular exercise. While some Kerries exercise themselves in their own, safely enclosed back yards, others do not. Not only will a daily walk maintain muscle tone and keep a Kerry fit and trim, it will provide the necessary stimulation and socialization to keep it happy, active and alert.

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My plans for a sequel to Captive had to change when I left Avon Books, which published Captive. It's really hard to write a sequel for a different publisher, as they do not want to publish a sequel to a book published by a different house. I would love to continue Alexandra and Blackwell's story!

The technique that forces unauthenticated users to a web portal (“capture” the users and redirect them to a “portal”) for authentication. Captive Portal allows you to leverage a web browser to authenticate without installing any client software in the PC.

WiLD is the name chosen by Wipro-NewLogic to identify it's 802.11 Wireless LAN IP product family. The WiLD family is a complete platform for Wireless LAN IC and SOC development. It comprises the multi standard WiLD 802.11 a/b/g MAC core, the WiLD 802.11 a/b/g, modem cores (physical layer) and a multiband RF CMOS Radio hard macro with analog or digital interface.

All wolves released are fitted with radio collars. Systematic telemetry surveys are conducted daily by land or air to monitor locations and activities of released wolves. The USFWS has no plans to reintroduce either the grizzly bear or the jaguar to the Southwest.

One of the primary characteristics used for selecting Mexican wolves for reintroduction is avoidance and fear of humans. Wolves that have the potential to be released must not be socialized or habituated to humans, so they are not likely to be attracted to people or human establishments once released. Mexican wolves selected for reintroduction are managed with minimal exposure to humans in an environment that fosters and maintains natural wolf behaviors.