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Frequently Asked Questions

Who's researching reproductive human cloning?

The Reproductive Cloning Network
Dr. Antinori, Dr. Zavos, and Dr. Ben-Abraham are heading an International Consortium to allow infertile couples, unable to reproduce via IVF, to conceive a child via cloning technology.
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What Is Reproductive Cloning?

Nebraskans For Research
Reproductive cloning is the use of cloning technology to create a child. NFR opposes reproductive cloning. Patient advocacy groups and leading scientists, and a majority of Americans agree that human reproductive cloning should not be allowed.
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How does reproductive cloning occur?

The Reproductive Cloning Network
Reproductive cloning involves removing all the DNA from a female egg, and the injection of DNA from an adult body cell (e.g. a skin cell). The cloning technique is called nuclear transfer, and is very similar to ICSI (intra cytoplasmic sperm injection) a procedure members of International Cloning Consortium have performed numerous times.
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What are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning?

HumGen - FAQ
Cloning can be used for reproductive purposes (creating new organisms) or as a treatment option (using embryonic stem cells for therapy). The difference between these two techniques is their ultimate goal.
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What is the difference between cloning and other reproductive technologies already in use?

Animal Cloning>>Frequently Asked Questions
Cloning is in some ways an extension of assisted reproductive technologies already in use in agriculture, and in other ways it is a radical departure from how animals have traditionally been bred. Selective breeding, in which only those animals with desired traits are chosen for reproduction, has been used by farmers for centuries. More recently, selective breeding practices have intensified, aiming for ever greater production and lower costs, often sacrificing animal welfare in the process.
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What about human cloning?

Perpetuate - Pet DNA and Cell Banking
PERPETUATE 's services are absolutely restricted to animals. We are not involved in human cloning in any way.
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What is the difference between therapeutic and reproductive cloning?

Frequently Asked Questions | The Harvard Stem Cell Institute
Reproductive cloning involves creating an embryo by nuclear transfer and then implanting it into a uterus and allowing it to establish a pregnancy. This has been achieved for sheep and several other mammalian species. It is not known whether it could be made to work in humans, but the vast majority of researchers in the field are strongly opposed to attempting such an experiment.
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What do other countries do about human cloning?

The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
Many countries have passed laws regarding one or both uses of human cloning. Approaches vary widely from country to country, with some banning both uses of cloning (for instance, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, and Norway), while others have prohibited cloning-to-produce-children while allowing and in some cases regulating cloning-for-biomedical-research (for instance, the United Kingdom).
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What is the difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning?

Australian Stem Cell Centre
Therapeutic cloning is the process by which an embryo is created through nuclear transfer in order to obtain stem cells from it for therapeutic purposes. Reproductive cloning is the process by which an embryo is created by nuclear transfer and implanted into a surrogate mother in the hope of bringing it to term. Therapeutic cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) uses cloning technology to develop stem cells for research, and ultimately for therapy.
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Why does human cloning matter?

The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
The prospect of cloning-to-produce-children, which would be a radically new form of procreation, raises deep concerns about identity and individuality, the meaning of having children, the difference between procreation and manufacture, and the relationship between the generations.
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Is there any connection between the two uses of human cloning?

The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
Both potential uses (cloning-to-produce-children and cloning-for-biomedical-research) begin in the same way with the act of cloning (by somatic cell nuclear transfer) that produces a cloned human embryo. They are therefore connected by technique and separated by intent. Any attempt to limit or regulate one would almost inevitably touch upon the other.
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What is cloning?

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences | Stem Cell Research ...
Cloning is a procedure where the genetic material (DNA) of an individual is taken from an adult cell (for example, a skin cell) and then transferred into an oocyte (an egg). Before the adult cell DNA is placed into the egg, the scientist removes the egg's existing DNA. Thus, after the adult DNA is transferred into the egg, the new egg has the DNA of the skin cell. To put what would occur in perspective, if the skin cell is from Mr. Jones and the egg is from Ms.
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Animal Cloning>>Frequently Asked Questions
Cloning is the term commonly used to refer to a procedure known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the procedure which was first used to create Dolly the sheep in 1996. In SCNT, the nucleus (which contains the genetic material of an animal) is removed from an unfertilized egg and replaced with the nucleus of an adult (somatic) cell from the donor animal to be cloned, ultimately resulting in an animal that is an almost exact genetic copy of the donor (though some differences remain).
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Genomics|Frequently Asked Questions
The term cloning that you might have heard or read about in the news usually refers only to one type called reproductive cloning. There are actually three types of cloning technologies and they include (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. To get more in-depth, reliable information about cloning, visit the Human Genome Project Information website.
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Lesson Title: Human Cloning: Is it Biological Plagiarism?

Primer on Ethics and Human Cloning (ActionBioscience)
Summary:In this lesson, students apply scientific principles to personal and social views on human cloning. Students can serve on mock governmental advisory committees, conduct cloning debates, research human cloning regulations … and more! (Note: included are web site evaluation worksheets that are useful for student Internet searches on any topic.
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For what purposes would anyone want to perform human cloning?

The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
Human cloning might be undertaken for two general purposes. One potential use would be to produce children who would be genetically virtually identical to pre-existing individuals. Another would be to produce cloned embryos for research or therapy. For example, a scientist might wish to create a cloned embryo which would then be taken apart to yield embryonic stem cells that could potentially be used in biomedical research or therapies.
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Is SCNT the same thing as cloning a human being?

The Missouri Coalition for Lifesaving Cures - Frequently Ask...
No. The medical purpose of SCNT is to make lifesaving stem cells ? not babies. The use of SCNT to make stem cells for medical treatments is sometimes called "therapeutic cloning" because it will involve copying, or cloning, genetic material from a patient's cell to make lifesaving stem cells that match the patient's genetic makeup and avoid transplant rejection problems.
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What is Hinduism's stand on human cloning ?

FAQ on Hinduism
Hinduism considers the cloned persons to be different from each other. Hinduism sees the soul and not the body. Even if the body is cloned, the soul is different. So from the religious point of view, there is absolutely no difference between a normal human being and a cloned human being. Biological issues like dangers of genetic disorders, etc are left to the biologists to discuss.
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What does U.S. law now say about human cloning (state and federal)?

The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
There is currently (as of April 2003), no federal law on cloning, though the issue is being hotly debated in Congress. Because there is so much activity on the state level in this area, we are posting links to websites that track these data on a regular basis. The President's Council on Bioethics makes no claims as to their accuracy and our posting these links should not be construed as an endorsement of their contents.
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What are the Council’s policy recommendations on human cloning?

The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
A minority of the Council (seven members) recommended a ban on cloning-to-produce-children, with federal regulation of the use of cloned embryos for biomedical research. Such a policy, they argue, would permanently ban cloning-to-produce-children, which nearly all Americans oppose, and would allow potentially important biomedical research to continue, thus offering hope to many who are suffering.
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Where does President George W. Bush stand on human cloning?

The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
President Bush has expressed strong opposition to all human cloning, whether for biomedical research or for producing children. For more information about his views, visit the White House website at http://www.whitehouse.gov/
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Are they going to talk about stem cell research and human cloning?

UC Santa Cruz - Genome Symposium: FAQ
The study of the human genome does not rely on stem cell research or human cloning, and these issues are not the focus of the public forum. Research on the human genome has medical applications, because it is providing new information about genetic factors related to diseases and can also yield new insights into basic human biology.
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Is SCNT the same thing as human cloning?

The Kansas Coalition for Lifesaving Cures - FAQs
No. The medical purpose of SCNT is to make lifesaving stem cells – not babies. Human cloning (which has never been done and may not even be scientifically possible) would involve creating a "duplicate" human being by implanting a cloned embryo into a woman's uterus to make a baby.
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Genome FAQs File
This Web site is being continuously updated, and HGMIS appreciates your input. Please send updates, questions, or comments to martinsa@ornl.gov.
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What is therapeutic cloning?

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences | Stem Cell Research ...
Therapeutic cloning is the same as cloning, except that it is designed only for the purpose of clinical treatment. For example, if a patient has liver damage, it is theoretically possible to manipulate the environment in which a cloned cell is growing so that it becomes a liver cell. If the cells are allowed to replicate, they can then regenerate the liver.
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