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Frequently Asked Questions

Why use gene synthesis instead of PCR cloning?

GenScript - Gene Synthesis FAQ - Custom Synthetic Genes
PCR cloning, the most common method of obtaining genes, may not be able to produce a gene of sufficient quality or even at all. First, a cDNA library for a specific type of tissue has to be prepared or purchased, which requires either time or expense. Second, the gene must be abundant in that cDNA library or it will be very difficult to clone any useful way.
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Can you use gene synthesis to finish my partial clone?

GenScript - Gene Synthesis FAQ - Custom Synthetic Genes
Yes. Provided that you have the sequence, GenScript can synthesize the 5'-end or 3'-end of the gene and anneal it to your partial clone to obtain the full-length gene.
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What are the applications of gene synthesis?

GenScript - Gene Synthesis FAQ - Custom Synthetic Genes
Gene synthesis has a variety of applications, including the creation of specialized cDNA libraries, large-scale production of microarray-ready cDNA, the design of gene therapy vectors, and the synthesis of gene variants. For a long list of gene synthesis applications, please click here. More ...
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Why should I use a serology test instead of PCR?

Biotrin International
almost 100% of the population are sero positive for HHV-6, it is important to distinguish latent HHV-6 infections from active infections. PCR will detect HHV-6 viral DNA but it is unable to diagnose active or latent infections. As the virus is so prevalent, serology assays remain the assays of choice to accurately diagnose active infections with a high level of sensitivity.
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Why is gene synthesis more expensive than oligosynthesis?

GenScript - Gene Synthesis FAQ - Custom Synthetic Genes
For the same reason that a house is more expensive than a pile of bricks and wood. It is true that the price for gene synthesis is much higher than that for oligo synthesis, but you receive so much more. During gene synthesis, the oligos have to be assembled together in the correct order, which takes time and expertise.
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What are the steps in the process of gene synthesis?

GenScript - Gene Synthesis FAQ - Custom Synthetic Genes
The steps in gene synthesis including the following: synthesizing oligos, obtaining full-length genes, correcting mutations, and confirming the sequence.
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Why order a synthetic gene from DNA2.0 instead of cloning and manipulating it myself?

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions About Custom Gene Synthesis
DNA-2-Go™ custom gene synthesis is faster, more cost efficient and reliable than performing the cloning yourself. See also our discussion in Newsletter Q4/2003 on the advantages of outsourcing gene synthesis in biotechnology.
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Is there a length limit for GenScript gene synthesis?

GenScript - Gene Synthesis FAQ - Custom Synthetic Genes
It matters as much as protein expression matters. Different organisms have different codon usage preferences. For example, the preferred codons used in a human gene may be rare in bacteria. This can cause problems when researchers attempt to express human genes in E. coli. Using our optimized synthetic genes, many of our customers have reported dramatic increases in protein expression.More ...
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What is the standard vector for GenScript gene synthesis?

GenScript - Gene Synthesis FAQ - Custom Synthetic Genes
pUC57 is the standard vector of Genscript Corporation. In general, synthetic genes will be cloned into Sma I or EcoR V sites of the standard vector. More ...
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Why should I use serology/immunological tests instead of PCR?

Kaposi's Sarcoma,HHV 8 testing,Frequently Asked Questions
HHV-8 DNA can be detected in peripheral blood cells from only about half of infected persons with the use of standard PCR assays Since PCR detection systems appear to exhibit low sensitivity when DNA from peripheral blood cells is used as a template, serological assays have been proven more useful for epidemiology studies and diagnosis of HHV-8 infection, particularly for detecting previous exposure to the virus.
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What are the differences between PCR cloning, subcloning and mutagenesis?

FAQ for PCR Cloning, Subcloning and Mutagenesis
PCR cloning is to use PCR method to clone a gene to a vector, screening and sequencing confirmation is usually required because PCR may introduce mutations. 2) Subcloning is to use restriction enzymes to move one gene from one vector to another vector. Screening and sequencing confirmation may not be necessary. 3) Mutagenesis is to create a mutant from your original clone.
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What is cloning?

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences | Stem Cell Research ...
Cloning is a procedure where the genetic material (DNA) of an individual is taken from an adult cell (for example, a skin cell) and then transferred into an oocyte (an egg). Before the adult cell DNA is placed into the egg, the scientist removes the egg's existing DNA. Thus, after the adult DNA is transferred into the egg, the new egg has the DNA of the skin cell. To put what would occur in perspective, if the skin cell is from Mr. Jones and the egg is from Ms.
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Animal Cloning>>Frequently Asked Questions
Cloning is the term commonly used to refer to a procedure known as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), the procedure which was first used to create Dolly the sheep in 1996. In SCNT, the nucleus (which contains the genetic material of an animal) is removed from an unfertilized egg and replaced with the nucleus of an adult (somatic) cell from the donor animal to be cloned, ultimately resulting in an animal that is an almost exact genetic copy of the donor (though some differences remain).
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Genomics|Frequently Asked Questions
The term cloning that you might have heard or read about in the news usually refers only to one type called reproductive cloning. There are actually three types of cloning technologies and they include (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. To get more in-depth, reliable information about cloning, visit the Human Genome Project Information website.
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What is the difference between cloning and other reproductive technologies already in use?

Animal Cloning>>Frequently Asked Questions
Cloning is in some ways an extension of assisted reproductive technologies already in use in agriculture, and in other ways it is a radical departure from how animals have traditionally been bred. Selective breeding, in which only those animals with desired traits are chosen for reproduction, has been used by farmers for centuries. More recently, selective breeding practices have intensified, aiming for ever greater production and lower costs, often sacrificing animal welfare in the process.
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Why use animal cloning?

Frequently Asked Questions about cloned animals
In farming, animals vary widely in their genetic merit and commercial value. To rapidly multiply animals selected for valuable traits such as milk production, meat quality and healthiness, reproductive technologies such as artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer and in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) are already used worldwide.
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How can I use this test to eliminate the defective gene from my line?

Optigen - Frequently Asked Questions
Find out everything you can about your dog--then breed or don't breed according to the absence or presence of traits and health considerations you have no control over. Don't let the traits you can control dictate your breeding decisions. You now have control over prcd-PRA. An OptiGen-tested "Carrier" or "Affected" dog can be bred to a "Normal/Clear" dog without producing affected offspring. "Carrier" pups can be bred again to "Normal/Clear"s.
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What is the difference between site-directed mutagenesis and gene synthesis?

SGDB | FAQ
Although both methods can introduce mutations, site-directed mutagenesis requires a physical DNA template whereas gene synthesis does not.
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Is there a faster gene synthesis service available?

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions About Custom Gene Synthesis
Yes, our expedited custom gene synthesis service, DNA-2-Day™, is twice as fast as our standard gene synthesis speed of 8–10 days. A one kb gene will be shipped in only five business days.
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Can the synthesis be modified?

AT&T Labs - Research
It is possible to change the way the speech sounds by altering the input text. Liberal use of commas is the easiest way to get better phrasing, especially in long complex sentences. Overall speed can be controlled using XML-style tags from the SSML standard, e.g. <prosody rate="slow"> this is speaking slowly </prosody>. <prosody rate="fast"> this is speaking fast </prosody>. <prosody rate="-50%"> this is 50% slower </prosody>.
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How do I use FMF models for synthesis?

FMF's Frequently Asked Questions
FMF models are written at the behavioral level not the synthesizable Register Transfer Level (RTL) that synthesis engine support. This is done in order to achieve usable performance in board-level verification and, to avoid issues over intellectual property. Contact Richard Munden: munden@freemodelfoundry.com
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What synthesis method does Structured Audio use for music synthesis?

MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9
MPEG-4 does not standardize a synthesis method, but a signal-processing language for describing synthesis methods. Using this language, any current or future synthesis method may be described by a content provider and included in the bitstream. This language is entirely normative and standardized, so that every piece of synthetic music will sound exactly the same on every compliant MPEG-4 decoder, which is an improvement over the great variety in MIDI-based synthesis systems.
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Genome FAQs File
This Web site is being continuously updated, and HGMIS appreciates your input. Please send updates, questions, or comments to martinsa@ornl.gov.
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What is therapeutic cloning?

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences | Stem Cell Research ...
Therapeutic cloning is the same as cloning, except that it is designed only for the purpose of clinical treatment. For example, if a patient has liver damage, it is theoretically possible to manipulate the environment in which a cloned cell is growing so that it becomes a liver cell. If the cells are allowed to replicate, they can then regenerate the liver.
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Is cloning ethical?

BIO | Frequently Asked Questions, Animal Cloning
While it is up to each individual to determine their viewpoint on different technologies, the major world religions do not have an issue with livestock cloning. The Catholic Church, in its “Reflections on Cloning,” says “there is a place for research, including cloning, in the vegetable and animal kingdoms.” On the whole, leading Muslim and Jewish thinkers also agree that cloning is acceptable to meet standards of kosher and halal.
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The President's Council on Bioethics: Template
Cloning is a form of reproduction in which offspring result not from the chance union of egg and sperm (sexual reproduction) but from the deliberate replication of the genetic makeup of another single individual (asexual reproduction). Human cloning, therefore, is the asexual production of a new human organism that is, at all stages of development, genetically virtually identical to a currently existing or previously existing human being. (Key terms are defined in Chapter 3 of the report.)
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