Fretting is a common problem with Tin Plating. This is surface damage created when there is relative motions and strong contacts between parts, usually during shipping and handling. The tin plating shows black or worn spots caused by rubbed or scratched by another part. This oxide does not effect the parts functionally. They are still solderable. A way to eliminate fretting is by changing the type of packaging. (Layer packing or plastic trays are recommended) - Metal Finishing Guidebook 1997

There are many problems associated with tin plating. One of which is whiskering, like cadmium and zinc, thin needle-like crystals known as "whiskers" form within a period after plating that may vary from a few weeks to several years. A whisker may measure up to .0001" (2.5um) in diameter, and grow spontaneously to a length of 0.375" (10 mm). Conditions that tend to promote the growth of whiskers are compressive stresses and uniform temperatures for long periods of time.

Consistent with our past history, it is the intent of Samtec to continue to support customers requesting Tin-lead plating. The Tin-lead plating designators "-TL" (Tin-lead) and "-STL" (Selective Tin-lead) will remain valid plating designators for part call-outs. No. Product will be shipped bearing the plating specified by the part call-outs in the customer order.

The new plating will be 100% matte tin with a nickel barrier layer between the tin and the base material.

Black spots on flowers are usually caused by Botrytris, a fungus. The problem is caused by poor air circulation and too much moisture. The remedy is to increase air circulation and reduce the humidity.

For high speed auto plating lines, MSA based electrolytes are most common. Numerous vendors such as Fidelity, Englehardt, LeaRonal, Isihara, Schlotter and other proprietary and home brews are readily available. For manual/rack/barrel plating lines, sulfuric acid based electrolytes are most common. Even more sources are readily available from numerous vendors such as above and lots of non-proprietary home brew chemistries. These are very inexpensive!

Temperature compatibility - Matte Tin is compatible with the elevated temperatures of lead-free, reflow processing (250-260C). Bright Tin has a tendency to discolor (turn dark) when exposed to the higher lead-free, reflow processing environment. Appearance - Matte Tin has a normal whitish "matte" surface appearance whereas Bright Tin has a bright (shiny) surface finish.

Aavid's plating recipe, 100% matte tin over a nickel barrier layer, follows the standard industry approach to whisker mitigation. We understand that whiskers typically occur when tin plating directly contacts a copper or copper alloy substrate, which then diffuse into each other, forming tin-copper intermetallic. This sets up compressive forces in the plane of the plating, causing 'extrusion' of tin whiskers.

We'll dealing with a two-strikes against situation. Black is dominant, but is diluted by Dun, and modified by Agouti This means both parents have to carry black or be black. Then you have to get the spots, which, as discussed earlier, you are getting 50/50 chances. If black spotted animals are only bred to gray-dun, then you have taken away the necessary factor to match up the black.

This is an indication of a fungal infection. Fungal infections are usually the result of warm temperatures, high humidity and low light levels. Treat the plants with a systemic fungicide such as Phyton 27.

Blackspot is a fungus that causes black spots about 1/16 to 1/2 inches in diameter to form on the leaves and sometimes stems. The infected leaves later turn yellow around the spots and eventually fall from the plant. In bad cases, blackspot can severely defoliate a rose bush. The conditions that promote blackspot are wet leaves, splashing water and warm temperatures. Here are some ways to combat blackspot. Most of these methods also apply to preventing and treating powdery mildew.

this time there is no standard test for Tin Whiskers. Mini-Circuits has done testing based on the conditions below: Thermal Cycling - 500 cycles It should be noted that we also make use of several process and material choices in order to mitigate the formation of intermetallics and whiskers, including:

The specification range thickness of the matte tin is 300 micro inches to 800 micro inches. The target mean thickness is 450 micro inches. This thickness has been shown to retard tin whiskers, in conjunction with other process steps.

A plating containing bright acid tin can discolor when exposed to the higher processing temperatures of lead-free, reflow soldering. Therefore it is recommended that the BAT be changed to change to Matte Tin. We are recommending that through hole parts with high temp insulators also be changed to a matte tin finish.

The thickness of the Matte Tin plating is part specific. The majority of products will have a minimum 150 micro-inch to 350 micro-inch plating thickness.

It is the intent of Samtec to continue to support customers requesting Bright Tin plating. Bright Tin will remain Samtec's "standard tin plating" until March 1, 2006. After that date, if you prefer to specify Bright Tin plating, contact Samtec Customer Service at info@samtec.com for instructions.

The black on the bottom of your tomatoes is called "blossom end rot." It is caused by a lack of calcium and other ingredients from the potting mix. Adding 2 cups of hydrated lime to the potting mix before planting as in the instructions can help prevent the blossom end rot from forming. In the event the blossom end rot still presents itself mix 1/4 cup of hydrated lime with one gallon of water and add that to the resevior the next time you fill your Earthbox with water.

They are probably pet stains, but can also be water. The fact is that nobody can tell you if sanding will remove them until you physically try with a professional machine.

These are the cosmetic blemishes in the image intensifier, which do not affect the performance or reliability of a night vision device. A certain number of such spots of varying sizes are inherent in the manufacturing processes. They can also be dirt or debris between the lenses, which should be removed by careful cleaning if the system is designed with interchangeable optics.

This is normal, because after the first treatment, all the hair was pulled out to the skin surface. At the same time, there will be dead skin cells, some hair was trapped between the dead skins and caused the black spots on skin. Many customers would experience this after their first treatment, however, those black spots will gradually disappear in 1-2 weeks time due to metabolism and washing out.

Probably not. These are most likely caused by water and there is resultant wood damage. Do the wet paper towel test and see if the result will be satisfactory.

Gold plating on sterling is a process where we plate at least one micron (40mils) of gold on to the surface of sterling silver. Some people call it gold overlay on sterling, gold bond on sterling etc. Two tone gold & silver plating is similar to gold plating, but it requires two steps plating. The first is gold plated and certain areas are masked or covered and then the jewelry is silver plated again to give it the ultimate two color effect.

Although many lead-free solders exist, the following table lists solders considered primary candidates for replacing tin-lead. The group comprising tin-silver-copper alloys is considered the mainstream alloy system that will replace tin-lead. This family of close composition solder alloys is near eutectic, with acceptable thermal fatigue properties, strength and wettability.

Yes. There are however no price breaks for black and white on both sides. Our prices are based on reserving a spot on the sheet, whether your artwork is 1-color or less than 4-color.

No! Even though B&W film is cheaper, developing and printing are more expensive because B&W has not been automated to the extent of color. So expect to pay a premium for B&W coverage.

A fungus called Blackspot. It is a common disease in our humid summers. Spraying a fungicide and increasing sun and circulation helps reduce this disease.

This is a disease called black spot. It is a common and disfiguring disease of roses. Fungicides are more effective when applied as a preventative disease control. We suggest alternating between different fungicides to reduce any chance of disease resistance. Roses will need to be sprayed once every 2-3 weeks from May through September to keep black spot and possibly other problems under control. See our staff for guidance and specific control recommendations.

We have a well informed Horticulture Agent and many Master Gardeners to help you with homeowner questions. Give us a call.

Black spots are endemic in a number of varieties of orchids, most notably those in the Oncidium or Oncidium family intergenerics. These spots are not a sign of disease. They cannot be removed, and will not spread from plant to plant. You can think of them as freckles. These spots are generally small and dry. If, however, your plant suddenly develops large black spots, particularly if they are moist, this could be a sign of disease.