CO2 is building up from oil, coal, and gas burning faster than can be taken up by the oceans, forests and soils, whose capacity to absorb it, is steadily being reduced by human actions. The effects will take hundreds to thousands of years to be fully felt even if we used no more fossil fuels starting now.

Carbon dioxide persists for more than a century in the air. Methane’s average lifetime is about 11 years.

It is simpler just to talk about CO2, but of course there are the other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), the hydro fluorocarbons (HFC), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). We include them in our calculations as "CO2 equivalents". Thus 1 ton of methane (whose heat-trapping qualities are 20 times more powerful than those of CO2) is equivalent to 20 tons of CO2. However, we have chosen to simplify even further on this website and only talk about CO2.

For the year 2006, the estimated global average CO2 amount was about 381 parts per million (ppm). If we use a value of 5.13 ?-1018 kg for the mass of the dry atmosphere (excluding water vapor), then 1 ppm of CO2 corresponds to 2.12 Gt (billion metric ton) of carbon. This gives us a value of about 808 Gt of carbon in the atmosphere. If we include the mass of the two oxygen atoms in each CO2 molecule, the total mass of CO2 would be 2960 Gt.

Charles David Keeling's work on the mountain of Mauna Loa in Hawaii established (see graph) that since 1957 the CO2 level has risen exponentially and that the industrial CO2 diffuses throughout the entire atmosphere in about 18 months. Samples from the Vostock Ice in the Antarctic have extended the Keeling curve backwards in time, showing that CO2 has risen one third since the industrial revolution, and it is higher than at any time for the past 450,000 years.

Yes. Since the start of the 21st century, the rate of accumulation has accelerated. It is now at twice the 1990s level. Nobody is sure why. It is not because emissions have accelerated. It could be temporary natural variability. Or it could be that the forests and oceans are losing the ability to absorb our pollution. If so, then global warming could shortly gather pace. Back to top

Ice cores have been collected from Antarctica and Greenland which contain information stored in the ice that can be used to reconstruct climates thousands of years ago. As snow accumulates on ice caps and ice sheets where temperatures usually remain below freezing year round, it lays down a record of the environmental conditions at the time of its formation. Over time the snow, buried under further accumulations, is compacted to ice, preserving the climatic information.

The use of fossil fuel currently accounts for between 70 and 90% of all human emissions of carbon dioxide. Fossil fuels are used for transportation, manufacturing, heating, cooling, electricity generation, and other applications. The remainder of the carbon dioxide emissions comes from human land use activities -- ranching, agriculture and the clearing and degradation of forests.

Over the last 650,000 years the natural range for CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere has been between 180 to 300 parts per million (ppm). This data has been found through ice core surveys, where air trapped as the ice froze hundreds of thousands of years ago, has been carefully analysed. The graph below shows the results of the ice core measurements along side temperature up until the year 1950. The graph shows that the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere up until 1950 had never exceeded 300ppm.

The rise in CO2 in the atmosphere is very well established. One way we know this is linked to human activity is by looking at historical records of human activity. Fossil fuels have been burnt since the start of the industrial revolution, along with forested land being cleared at unprecedented rates. These process have been turning the organic compounds into Carbon Dioxide. Enough carbon dioxide has been produced to raise the atmospheric content to 500ppm.

Plant growth depends upon several factors. Plants require sufficient warmth, moisture, light and nutrients in the soil to photosynthesise, that is, to draw down CO2 from the atmosphere into the body of the plant. If these other environmental factors are adequate then higher concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere will indeed enable plants to grow more rapidly.

Very carefully calibrated measurements have confirmed that CO2 is increasing in the atmosphere and that human activities are the primary cause. CO2 measurements, started by Charles D. Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, have been taken directly from the atmosphere over the last ~50 years. CO2 trends for earlier times have been derived from measurements of CO2 in air trapped in bubbles in polar ice and in mountain glaciers.

Ice cores have been collected from Antarctica and Greenland which contain information stored in the ice that can be used to reconstruct climates thousands of years ago. As snow accumulates on ice caps and sheets where temperatures usually remain below freezing year round, it lays down a record of the environmental conditions at the time of its formation. Over time the snow, buried under further accumulations, is compacted to ice, preserving the climatic information.

a car with its windows rolled up on a sunny day keeps the sun's warmth inside the car, carbon dioxide or any other greenhouse gas has the ability to prevent the reflection of solar radiation back out into space. The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon. It is the reason our day and night temperature differences are so narrow.

Some greenhouse gases, such as industrial halocarbons, are only made by humans, and thus their presence in the atmosphere can only be explained by human activity. Naturally occurring gases such as CO2 and CH4 are generated by natural processes such as plant and animal respiration and decomposition. However, scientists can quantify the various sources (both natural and human) of such gases and measure their contribution to atmospheric concentrations.

Conventions are always pretty congenial and relaxed during the sessions that are open only to registrants. Welcome receptions usually allow time for a lot of socializing, where friends can catch up on old news and share their new tattoos with others. Quite a few people take their cameras along, snapping shots of tattoos and people. This period is also the time to see the real serious tattoo enthusiasts and artists, since these are the ones who usually register for the entire convention.

It's a programmable, sample-based Virtual Synth Module software plug-in, which combines a massive 3.7 gigabyte core library with a powerful, yet easy to use interface and synth engine for manipulating the sounds, and creating your own original patches.

We have had several free updates already for LFO sync and platform compatibility. Exciting things are planned for the future, but no specific information has been officially announced yet. No. It uses the RAM in your computer, which is far less taxing on your system and allows for better and more reliable host integration.

CO2 or carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas that is generated when fuel and other carbon based material is burnt. CO2 is also released by us breathing and other natural occurring biological and geological processes. Our atmosphere is currently made up of 0.06% of CO2, 20.9% oxygen, 78% Nitrogen and the remaining percentage is made up of various other gases. Back to Top

All chemical elements can be found in several different states (phases). One of these phases is the gaseous phase. Apart from gaseous an element can also be solid or liquid. Water is called ice when it is solid, it is wet when it is liquid, and when it is gaseous it exists merely as gas or steam. When temperatures rise, the molecules of a substance part, causing the substance to become gaseous and less visible. This phase change causes air to be invisible.

Fluoride is provided mainly through drinking water, toothpaste, mouthwash, supplements (chewable tablets or drops), and other materials such as gels and rinses that may be applied during your visit to the dentist.

Greenhouse gases are emitted from a variety of natural and anthropogenic (human) sources. Carbon dioxide has the greatest effect on climate change because of its abundance. CO2 is emitted from the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), solid waste incineration, and wood burning (deforestation). Only a small proportion of CO2 emissions come from natural sources, such as plant decay, volcanic eruptions, and animal respiration (BBC 2004).

All Sierra flow meters are calibrated with N2 unless otherwise specified. The reason is the “K-Factor” for other gases is nearly linear when one goes from N2 to almost any other gas. Other gases scale the signal and generate a slight offset. For each type of gas, this effect can be calculated and compensated by using a relatively simple "K-Factor".

Sierra mass flow systems without the FM approval are not designed for use in hazardous or explosive environments. Do not confuse a “hazardous environment” with flowing gas inside a closed system, such as your plumbing, into pressure and flow measuring instruments. Customers regularly use the 800 series flow meters with flammable gases such as CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and H2 that is plumbed in accordance with proper safety measures.