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b) What is cryptography?

Digital Signature India
Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data. Cryptography enables you to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure networks (like the Internet) so that it cannot be read by anyone except the intended recipient. In short, cryptography is science of securing data
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Able Encryption Software. Safe Soft Corporation. Frequently ...
Cryptography is the art and science of keeping files and messages secure. It works by mathematically transforming plaintext messages or files into a ciphertext, a process known as encryption.
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Digital Certificate Registration Center
Cryptography is the science of enabling secure communications between a sender and one or more recipients. This is achieved by the sender scrambling a message (with a computer program and a secret key) and leaving the recipient to unscramble the message (with the same computer program and a key, which may or may not be the same as the sender's key). The emphasis of cryptography is on data confidentiality, data integrity, sender authentication, and non-repudiation of origin/data accountability.
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The National Committee for Voting Integrity (NCVI)
Cryptography is the science of mathematical security. On modern computers, cryptography includes encryption, authentication, and integrity. A good introduction to the concepts can be found here:
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DCSSI FAQ
Cryptography is a science intended to convert unencrypted information or signals into information or signals using secret conventions called keys, such that the information or signals are unintelligible to third parties who are not aware of the secret used to convert the signals, or to perform the reverse operation using hardware or software means designed for this purpose.
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Digital Identity
Cryptography is the science of disguising information through encryption (scrambling) and restoring it to its original form through decryption. It provides similar, but much stronger, security assurances that signatures, paper envelopes and codebooks have always provided.
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Where can I learn more about cryptography?

DESCHALL Project Frequently Asked Questions
There are a few good resources available that should be able to help you better understand cryptography, regardless of your level of experience. Some of these can get quite technical, so if you're looking for a quicker introduction to some of the concepts and such, you'll probably want to grab the Snake Oil FAQ which was written to be understandable by an IS-type person without lots of background in mathematics or information security.
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b. Where are they?

Geomagnetism Frequently Asked Questions
The geomagnetic poles or geocentric dipole, can be computed from the first three Gauss coefficients from a main field model, such as the WMM or IGRF. Based on the current WMM model, the 2005 location of the geomagnetic north pole is 79.74°N and 71.78°W and the geomagnetic south pole is 79.74°S and 108.22°E. The magnetic poles or dip pole are computed from all the Gauss coefficients using an iterative method.
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What is encryption and cryptography?

JARING E-MALL
Encryption is the transformation of data into a form (a cipher) that is, for most intents and purposes, impossible to read with out the appropriate decoder (a cryptographic key). Its purpose is to ensure privacy by keeping information hidden from anyone for whom it is not intended, even those who have access to the encrypted data. Decryption is the reverse of encryption; it is the transformation of encrypted data back into an intelligible form.
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China Construction Bank (Macau)
Encryption/Cryptography creates a secure environment for the information being transferred between your browser and China Construction Bank (Macau). Put simply, secure data such as your customer ID and Password are scrambled in our encryption/cryptography process to avoid disclosing your information by unauthorized persons.
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What is symmetric cryptography?

The National Committee for Voting Integrity (NCVI)
Encryption uses a mathematical key to provide secrecy. Symmetric cryptography refers to encryption systems that use the same key to encrypt and decrypt. A longer explanation can be found here: There are many books that explain these concepts in more detail. We recommend Chapter XX of Secrets & Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World, by Bruce Schneier.
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What is hepatitis B?

Hepatitis B: FAQ | Pregnancy | CDC Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV attacks the liver and can lead to liver cancer and cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) in people who develop lifelong infection with the virus.
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b) What if I am divorced?

Diocese of Joliet
In itself, a divorce is not an impediment to priesthood. If the former partner is living, an annulment must be granted before admission to the seminary. Some dioceses and religious communities will not accept divorced candidates, but, after careful examination, many others will.
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I-B. What is cryogenics ?

CRYONICS − FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)
Cryogenics is low-temperature (below -100°C) physics. The use of the word "cryogenics" when meaning "cryonics" is typically indicative of a person who has not seriously investigated cryonics.
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Is hepatitis B serious?

Hepatitis Week -- Your Online Hepatitis Newsletter
Yes. Although many people who are exposed to hepatitis B will be able to get rid of the virus, some people develop chronic (life-long) hepatitis B. This may lead to liver damage, liver cancer and death. Hepatitis B carriers are people who are infected with HBV and never recover fully from the infection; they carry the virus and can infect others for the rest of their lives. In the United States, about one million people carry HBV.
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Should I have a Plan B?

Health Professions @ ESF - FAQs
Absolutely. Remember that even very highly qualified candidates are turned down for admission. Remember also that your undergraduate career is a golden opportunity for growth and exploration: take full advantage of it. As you explore other fields, what starts as a Plan B often matures into a primary career goal.
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What is cryptology? Cryptography? Plaintext? Ciphertext? Encryption? Key?

Cryptography FAQs - WikiFAQ - Answers to Frequently Asked Qu...
The story begins: When Julius Caesar sent messages to his trusted acquaintances, he didn't trust the messengers. So he replaced every A by a D, every B by a E, and so on through the alphabet. Only someone who knew the ''shift by 3 rule could decipher his messages. A cryptosystem or cipher system is a method of disguising messages so that only certain people can see through the disguise. Cryptography is the art of creating and using cryptosystems.
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c) What is secret key cryptography?

Digital Signature India
Secret-key cryptography is sometimes referred to as symmetric cryptography. It is the more traditional form of cryptography, in which a single key can be used to encrypt and decrypt a message. Secret-key cryptography not only deals with encryption, but it also deals with authentication.
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d) What is Public Key Cryptography?

Digital Signature India
Public Key Cryptography is a method for securely exchanging messages, based on assigning two complimentary keys (one public, one private) to the individuals involved in a transaction. Public Key Cryptography is based on the science of encryption, the mathematical scrambling and unscrambling of messages.
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What is Server Gated Cryptography (SGC)?

SSL Certificate FAQs - SSL and HTTPS Basics
U.S. government restrictions on U.S. vendors prevented the export of "strong" cryptography several years ago. As a result, many people purchased computers or downloaded export version browsers supporting only 40- or 56-bit SSL encryption. Microsoft developed "Server Gated Cryptography" ("SGC") and Netscape developed "step-up" technology to enable 128-bit SSL encryption with export versions of browsers.
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How can I learn more about Cryptography on the Internet?

RXN Communications FAQ - Internet
Cryptography has many applications on the internet today, from the protection of documents to the securing of online transactions. The following sites offer additional information: Handbook of Applied Cryptography
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What is secret/symmetric cryptography?

Digital Certificate Registration Center
Secret key (symmetric/conventional) cryptography is a system based on the sender and receiver of a message knowing and using the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt their messages. One weakness of this system is that the sender and receiver must trust some communications channel to transmit the secret key to prevent from disclosure. Example: You use a strongbox to send a valuable gift to your friend, locking it with a key. No one can get to the gift without the key, including your friend.
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What is public/asymmetric key cryptography?

Digital Certificate Registration Center
Public key (asymmetric) cryptography is a system based on pairs of keys called public key and private key. The public key is published while the private key is kept secret with the owner. The need for a sender and a receiver to share a secret key and trust some communications channel is eliminated. This concept was introduced in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman.
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