A crossover is a device which filters signals based on frequency. A "high pass" crossover is a filter which allows frequencies above a certain point to pass unfiltered; those below that same point still get through, but are attenuated according to the crossover slope. A "low pass" crossover is just the opposite: the lows pass through, but the highs are attenuated.

A piezoceramic actuator which is cyclically driven at a constant cycle time between the same two points will perfectly repeat its path every time. However, if the cycle time or either endpoint is changed, hysteresis and creep effects cause non-repeatable motions. See similar questions...

All 'watch beepers' are piezoceramic audio transducers, most battery operated smoke detector alarms, fish finders, some cigarette lighters, many gas grill igniters. See similar questions...

Assuming that we stretch a PSI-5A (1.5" x 2.5" x .0075") sheet to ?500 microstrains quasistatically at a frequency just below its fundamental longitudinal resonance of 15 KHz, and that we collect 100% of the stored electrical energy at its height twice per cycle we would get approximately 9 watts of electrical power from the sheet. The mechanical energy input under these assumptions would be in excess of 100 watts. Resonant designs can be considerably more efficient. See similar questions...

We do not have any spice models. As you probably have guessed, for each new thing the piezo is glued to, a new "AC source" characteristic arises. With so many various applications for piezo, we do not have the resources to comment on application-specific questions. See similar questions...

Outputs from piezoceramics which are 'following' surface vibrations are generally very repeatable and stable. If the sensor is initially calibrated it can be trusted for years of accurate service. See similar questions...

The answer is application dependent. If the square wave voltage is low (i.e., less than 30 V), then the answer is usually yes. If the square wave voltage is higher, there is a good chance for shockwave, damage, cracking, reduced life, or other failures. Careful control of the square wave rise time/fall time is the solution. See similar questions...

No. Fundamentally, magnetic technology is based on a force which arises 'at a distance', without physical contact. Piezo technology is based on physical contact and elastic coupling. On an application by application basis one is usually better than the other. Take solenoid actuators as an example. Piezo actuators can be designed to replace almost any solenoid but they always come out bulkier and often heavier so it is unlikely that full scale replacement will ever occur. See similar questions...

It is a latching system that uses piezo ceramic technology instead of a traditional motor or solenoid. It is used in many applications such as: The key advantage of using piezo technology instead of motors and solenoids is a very low power consumption, up to 6 times less than a motor and 66 times less than a solenoid, providing exceptional battery life. See similar questions...

No. Sorry. I no longer do crossovers. Maybe I'll change my mind in the future, but I think this is better. I can only tolerate so many idiotic emails of, "OMG U KANT RIGHT THT CHARCTER WELL KTHXBYE!!!!!U$UCK!!!" Especially when writing a crossover, the key is to COWRITE the story and let the other cartoonist write their characters, so you DIDN'T write the dialogue of the character in question. See similar questions...

I should point out not everyone approaches me like this - this answer is aimed only at those who do. The rest of you, thanks for the offer - but I prefer to work alone. See similar questions...

Basically, this requires a degree of patience. The subwoofer should be started off at about 100Hz and adjusted until you are happy with the sound. Keep in mind that the higher the crossover point, the more power the driver on the high-pass will be able to handle but raising excessively may cause the low-pass driver to sound raspy or unnatural. The idea here is to first make rough selections to protect the drivers and then to fine tune crossover point selections to achieve optimum fidelity. See similar questions...

No. The crossover point cannot be changed since it depends on the resonant point of the INFRA subwoofer system. The INFRA processors allow altering the hi pass filter frequency by changing plug-in resistors inside the units of the INFRA-M and INFRA-M2. However, this does not change the true crossover point of the system and will, in fact, create either a gap or an overlap in the frequency response of the bi-amplified system depending on the filter frequency chosen. See similar questions...

A32 - Loading and soldering all the required electronic components onto two Phoenix printed circuit boards takes me about 8 hours. It is not difficult to do, but requires attention at every step. I do not sell pre-assembled boards, but I can put you in contact with someone who will load boards. I can check your assembled boards for proper functioning, should you want to have this assurance, in case you lack the necessary equipment to test them yourself. See similar questions...

Active crossovers are more efficient than passive crossovers. A typical "insertion loss" (power loss due to use) of a passive crossover is around 0.5dB. Active crossovers have much lower insertion losses, if they have any loss at all, since the losses can effectively be negated by adjusting the amplifier gain. Also, with some active crossovers, you can continuously vary not only the crossover point, but also the slope. See similar questions...

The crossover frequency control allows you to adjust the internal electronic crossover from 40 Hz to 150 Hz. See similar questions...

A "Double Quick Mount" bending element bolted to a rigid surface provides a convenient demonstration of a cantilever mount generator. Applying 80 gram force to its tip at a frequency of 60 Hz produces an open circuit voltage of 15V peak between its two electrical leads. When the leads are connected to a 8 Kohm resistive load, the output to the load is 5.3 Vrms, representing a power output of 3.6 mW. See similar questions...

Piezo transducers are not suitable for static force measurements because of charge leakage. They can be used effectively for transient force measurements lasting less than 0.1 second. See similar questions...

All Harbeth tweeters are made in Norway by SEAS, the masters of tweeter design. Some models use tweeters using a formed aluminum diaphragm; some use the Excel system with the soft diaphragm. There are advantages and disadvantages to both types: the aluminum dome is highly repeatable, reasonably priced and within its operating band is very linear with a piston-like performance. See similar questions...

Different from conventional dynamic type tweeters, ceramic spherical tweeter is designed to have self-resonant frequency at the higher side of its working frequency range. As known well, the vibration system that has higher resonant frequency shows faster transition characteristics compared with the one having lower resonant frequency. Thus, ES103A is able to achieve excellent transient response. See similar questions...