Not necessarily. Pectoral aplasia is the most frequent skeletal muscle deficiency in the general population, but only 13.5% of the people with this defect have Poland's Syndrome. (Flatt, 1994) No, as a rule, Poland's Syndrome occurs sporadically ("out of the blue") and does not run in families. The risk of recurrence of Poland's Syndrome in the family is minute (1%).

Poland syndrome is a unique pattern of one-sided malformations that are present at birth. Poland syndrome is characterized by a defect of the chest (pectoralis) muscle on one side of the body and webbing of the fingers (cutaneous syndactyly) of the hand on the same side (ipsilateral hand). See similar questions...

Poland syndrome is considered rare by The (US) National Institute of Health Office of Rare Diseases as it affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. It affects 1 child in about 20,000 - 30,000. For reasons that are unclear, Poland's syndrome is 3 times more frequent in boys than girls. See similar questions...

The cause of Poland syndrome is uncertain. The disorder is currently considered "a nonspecific developmental field defect" occurring at about the sixth week of fetal development. According to one report, diminished blood flow through the subclavian artery that goes to the arm has been blamed, but final proof for this idea is lacking. See similar questions...

In patients with Poland's syndrome, the end of the main chest muscle that normally attaches to the breastbone is missing. (This condition is referred to as aplasia of the sternal head of the pectoralis major.) On the same side of the body, nearby chest muscles (the serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi muscles) may also be absent as may be the armpit (axillary) hair. In girls, the breast on that side is also usually absent. See similar questions...

Reconstructive surgery has in the past been the main recourse. Fused fingers are separated as early as possible and breast or chest implants my be used after full physical development has been reached. Today, bioengineered cartilage can be implanted to help give the chest a more normal appearance. See similar questions...

The child with Poland syndrome usually is entirely normal except for the problems already noted. Upon rare occasions, Poland's syndrome is associated with more severe finger and arm involvement or spine or kidney problems. Intelligence is rarely, if ever, impaired by Poland syndrome. Anomalies associated with Poland's syndrome are scoliosis, Moebius syndrome, Sprengel's deformity, renal hypoplasia and aplasia, spherocytosis, leukemia, lymphoma, and pectus excavatum or carinatum. See similar questions...

Not necessarily. There are 28 syndromes in which syndactylism can occur. The reported incidence of Poland's syndrome in patients with syndactyly of the hand ranges from 2.5% to 14%. (Hamburg, 2001) See similar questions...

In the majority of cases the result is more natural with a softer breast when the implant is placed beneath the muscle. The incidence of capsular contracture (hardening) is also significantly reduced. In certain circumstances it may be advantageous to place the implant in front of the muscle, but these are not common. See similar questions...

Yes, you have the option of having your implants placed partially underneath the pectoralis major muscle with the TUBA technique. Although some doctors may say that it can't be done because they, themselves, have not trained nor have perfected the technique. We know many, many patients who have received sub-pectoral placement with the TUBA approach. The fact of the matter may be the implant placement is more difficult with the TUBA and many surgeons may be unwilling to learn a new technique. See similar questions...

We can’t wait to be a part of the growing youth ministry movement in Poland! Josiah Venture does youth ministry in eight eastern European countries by partnering with the local church. Through this partnership we will reach out to Polish youth with the gospel. We will also train youth leaders by doing ministry side by side, and by teaching how to do effective ministry in leadership schools. Finally, we will individually mentor and disciple youth and their leaders. See similar questions...

This is a factor that you will have to choose. This entirely depends upon your needs and your desires. There are pros and cons to both and choosing your placement should be a decision based upon several consultations/medical opinions and your own needs. Although some surgeons may prefer a placement over another, if you have adequate tissue and average skin thickness, overs should not be a problem. Not every patient needs to have sub-pectoral coverage to help hide the implants. See similar questions...

First of all don't forget to bring your passport. It is good to take some money as well. Not only to pay for a treatment but also to do some shopping in Warsaw. You will find Poland relatively cheap. See similar questions...

We are located in the capital city of Lower Silesia, Wroclaw. This is a beautiful old town which is our start and end point. If you are coming from the United Kingdom, Ryanair flies direct from Stansted and East Midlands airports to Wroclaw. If you are arriving from another part of the world email us here and we'll do our best to help you out. See similar questions...

Pectoral Implants are supposed to last your lifetime, but sometimes infection rears its ugly head and your implants must be removed, your infection dealt with and then and only then can discussions be made about re-implantation. The implant itself should last indefinitely without degradation. Although, that can not be said for sure as the pectoral implant is not at least 80 years old. But, in theory and in tests involving silicone -- the material will last a very long time for its indication. See similar questions...

What distinguishes Asperger's Syndrome from autism is the severity of the symptoms and the absence of language delays. Children with Asperger's may be only mildly affected and frequently have good language and cognitive skills. To the untrained observer, a child with Asperger's may seem just like a normal child behaving differently. They may be socially awkward, not understanding of conventional social rules, or show a lack of empathy. See similar questions...