A:  Tattoos are applied with groups of tiny needles that poke into the skin around 20 times a second, usually no deeper than around 1/8 to 1/4 inch.  This is not deep enough to cause serious pain, but it is deep enough to cause discomfort.  Most people liken it to a continuous kitten scratch or an annoying burn. The sensation is different for each person. it depends on your own personal pain tolerance.

A.    Antibodies can neutralize viruses and toxins, lyse bacteria, clump microbes and their products into larger complexes that are cleared from the body more easily, and increase the rate of phagocytosis of those particles. Q.    How similar to the format of questions on the last test will be the questions on this test. That is to say, what are you expecting us to be able to demonstrate a knowledge of? (i.e. general concepts, specific terms) A.

A.    R factors are plasmids that contain antibiotic resistance genes (R for resistance). A.    Abcesses, scalded skin syndrome and impetigo contagiosum are the three. As for salient differences, Webster's defines salient as prominent or conspicuous. A.    The supplemental readings are available online through our classes website. The article is called "AIDS knowledge and sexual attitudes." Q.

A.    ELISA stands for enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. It is a test that detects either specific antigen or specific antibody. A positive reaction leads to a color change.

A.    From the American Heratge Dictionary, lymphadeopathy is a chronic, abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually associated with disease. This is typically a result of immune system involvement, and proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation. If you want me to answer your question directly, please leave your name and e-mail address (optional):

A.    First, you need to have Adobe Acrobat installed on your computer. This installer program is available on the latest version of the MUnet CD-ROM. Alternatively, you can download the installer program directly from Adobe by clicking on the Acrobat icon on the classses' home page. As you download the software, pay attention to where on your hard drive the installer program is being saved. After downloading the software, double-click the installer program's icon.

A.    It may be useful, but I have not used it in my course. If it were me, I would probably save my money. A.    The best way to determine whether a disease is caused by a bacterium or a virus is to memorize it from the notes. There is a clue about treatment that can help help remembering. Typically, antibiotics can be used only to treat diseases caused by bacteria. They are ineffective against viruses.

A.    Yes and no. Since the course grade is based on total points, letter grades for individual exams are not used in the calculation of a final grade. I do provide a curved letter grade scale for individual exams, but these letter grades should be considered advisory, and used by the student to gauge their individual performance with respect to the rest of the class. However, I will use the curve for each assignment/exam in determining a weighted average curve for the course. A.

A.    I would know distinguishing features. Divide the features of each cell type into features in common between cell types, and features that are unique to each cell type. Q.    What is the technical difference between a nucleus and a nucleoid, refering to the eukaryote and the prokaryote. A.    The technical difference is that a nucleus (in eukaryotic cells) is contained within a membrane within the cytoplasm.

A.    IgG forms the main antibody component (80%) of blood. It also can cross the placenta. IgA is the main secreted antibody. It can be found in breast milk, saliva, tears, and secretions into the repiratory, intestinal and urogenital tract.

A.    This would include (but is not limited to) chain formation, packet formation, occuring in pairs, etc.. Q.    You said in the helminth section of handout 3 that there are multicellular eukaryotes with no cell walls. Wouldn't that make them prokaryotes? I thought that eukaryotes had cell walls as a distinguishing factor. A.    No. Cell walls are not a distinguishing feature of either eukaryote or prokaryotes.

A.    Although both are phagocytes, they also have some specialized functions. The PMN is the first phagocyte recruited to sites of inflammation. They are loaded with lytic enzymes, and are very efficient at phagocytic killing. Macrophages are less capable of phagocytic killing unless activated, but they can also serve as antigen-presenting cells, thus they can help in the activation of helper T cells. A.    You need to compare a little deeper.

A.    The staining reaction is the acid-fast stain. It is a differential stain used to identify members of the genus Mycobacterium. While mycobacteria are difficult to Gram stain, they will stain red when treated with carbolfuchsin and heat. When washed with a dilute acid-alcohol solution, they retain the red color, hence they are called "acid-resistant" or "acid-fast". Other bacteria will lose their color when washed in dilute acid-alcohol. A.    Although E.

A.    Yes. Since chickenpox and shingles are caused by the same virus (varicella zoster), the shingles vaccine is the chickenpox vaccine

A.    There is a statistical correlation between infection with Herpes simplex type II and cervical cancer in women.

A.    Oocysts (a.k.a. cysts) are dormant yey infectious form of some protozoan parasites. Thet possess a cell wall that protects them from the environment. When the protozoan parasite is an intestinal pathogen, the oocysts are typically shed in feces.

A:  Where you want it.  Never let pain be a factor of choice, the pain is temporary, and as we have stated, relative.  The tattoo is permanent.  Don't regret your choice; get what you want where you want it.

A:         GVWR means Gross Vehicle Weight Rating. GVWR is the rating applied by a vehicle manufacturer, and represents the maximum total weight of vehicle, cargo, people, fuel, and other fluids together.

A:         Yes, if the gross weight of the trailer (weight of trailer and load) is over 3,000 lbs.

A.    No. In fact, you are required to do two written reports, one of which you also present to the class. The reason for the oral portion is to contribute to the material to which students are exposed in this class, in essence contributing to the curriculum. To not do the oral portion of the report would be to deprive your classmates of your insight and experience.