These are the submissions to the IGS combined product generated by each IGS Analysis Center (AC), but the official IGS products are the combinations formed by coordinators from the solutions submitted by each AC. IGS products can be recognized by their filenames, as detailed in the product access information available from the rightmost column of the product table.

Hofmann-Wellenhof, Lichtenegger, and Collins, "GPS: Theory and Practice," 5th edition, Springer (2001), p. 69. Schenewerk, "A brief review of basic GPS orbit interpolation strategies," GPS Solutions (2003) 6:265-267 DOI:10.1007/s10291-002-0036-0

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There is only one other known case, involving the small moons Janus and Epimetheus of the planet Saturn. Janus plays the role of the Earth in that case, and Epimetheus that of Cruithne. However, this system's behaviour produces a much simpler horseshoe than that of the Earth and Cruithne. There are other asteroids which are known to be co-orbital with planets (being co-orbital means that they share their planet's orbit. This is a necessary first ingredient for horseshoe behaviour).

Precise satellite orbits are made available by the IGS. Check the IGS web-site and more specific the page where you can download ephemeris.

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Review our contract, including the detailed payment schedule. Our down payment amount is generally 15% of the total contract price and there are progress payments scheduled along the way. Upon receipt of the signed contract and down payment, we will schedule the project. You can expect us to start work within 2 to 3 weeks, unless you wish to start at a different time or we are delayed awaiting delivery of projects or materials.

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The GPS satellites operate in circular 10,900nm (20,200km) 12-hour orbits at an inclination of 55 degrees. They are not in geo-stationary orbit. The basic GPS signal is accurate on a worst-case basis to within approximately 100 meters lateral and 140 meters vertical everywhere on earth. GPS, as provided to civil users, appears to be just as accurate as the most accurate service being provided by the VOR/DME, i.e., non-precision approaches.

Over the years we have developed relationships with subcontractors who embody the same high standards of customer service and professionalism as we do. However, we will work with another company in instances where you have an established relationship. Please feel free to discuss this with us.

There are several reasons why bids differ on a given project. First, it's possible the other company found a different, lower cost solution to the challenges of the project. In reality, it's more likely that the other bid is light on details making it difficult to see what you are getting for your money and impossible to compare with ours. We prepare detailed proposals which reflect all of your project's cost.

GPS orbits are computed from data collected by a global network of receivers coordinated by the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS). The accuracy of the GPS orbits depends on many factors, including the accuracy of the coordinates of the data collection sites. The earth's surface is not fixed and rigid like an egg shell. It consists of many sections, or plates, which move slowly over time in various directions and rates in a process called crustal motion.

The twin STEREO observatories were launched together aboard a Delta II rocket. To place them into orbit in the most efficient and cost-effective manner possible, STEREO mission designers used lunar gravity to redirect the observatories to their appropriate orbits -- something the launch vehicle alone cannot do. For the first three months after launch, the observatories flew an orbit from a point close to Earth to one that extends just beyond the moon.

Answer: There are three kinds of orbits in which satellites fly. The first kind of orbit is called elliptic where the orbital energy is low enough that the satellite remains captured by earth's gravity. Circular orbits are a special case of elliptical orbits but with a zero eccentricity. The second kind of orbit is the parabolic orbit; a satellite on a parabolic orbit just barely escapes the earth's gravity with just enough energy to do so. The third kind of orbit is called the hyperbolic orbit.

The space shuttle orbited Earth 16 times each day. During the 11-day mission, Space Shuttle Endeavour, carrying the SRTM payload, completed 176 orbits of Earth, flying tail forward at 7.5 km/sec (17,000 mph). The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission provides important information for NASA's Earth Sciences Enterprise, which is dedicated to understanding the total Earth system and the effects of human activity on the global environment.

There have been many terrestrial reference frames used for NGS computed GPS orbits (post-fit ephemerides). A complete list is available, including dates and times of implementation, upon request. Recent reference frames are as follows: On January 1, 1995, at 0000 GMT, the reference frame for NGS orbits changed from ITRF 92 (epoch 1994.0) to ITRF 93 (epoch 1995.0). On June 30, 1996, at 0000 GMT, the reference frame for NGS orbits changed from ITRF 93 (epoch 1995.0) to ITRF 94 (epoch 1996.0).

While lunar swingbys have been used before, the STEREO mission is the first to use lunar swingbys to manipulate orbits of more than one spacecraft at a time. This technique enables multiple payloads to be launched aboard a single vehicle, saving a great deal of money.