In their training, Osteopaths are taught a variety of treatment methods and techniques, ranging from the well known 'high velocity thrust' with its dramatic clicks, to the very gently applied methods used by so called 'cranial osteopaths'. Osteopaths vary in their treatment methods depending on their own preference and individual patient's problems.

Both work with what has been called the "cranial concept". A Craniosacral Therapist belonging to the CranioSacral Therapy Association has had a minimum of one year's postgraduate training specifically in cranial work. Being postgraduates, they will already have been a health care practitioner with knowledge of anatomy and physiology. A Cranial Osteopath is someone who has had an Osteopathic training with some additional training in the cranial approach.

Chiropractors base their care on the detection correction, and prevention of vertebral subluxations (spinal misalignments). We use specific spinal adjustments to correct the spine, to improve nerve system functions and reduce nerve interference. Osteopaths use drugs, surgery, and other traditional medical therapies and only occasionally use manipulative procedures.

All British Osteopaths undergo a 4 year BSc. degree course training, which qualifies them to practice osteopathy. The basic training in cranial osteopathy is given during this period. Many osteopaths decide to specialise in cranial techniques, and carry out further, post-graduate studies in cranial osteopathy.

In the UK all qualified osteopaths have the initials D.O or BSc. (Ost) after their names; a significant number of these osteopaths work using Cranial Osteopathy, but there is no official qualification to look out for, or central database of practitioners.

The term 'cranial osteopathy' is a bit of a misnomer because osteopathy is concerned with the arrangement and movement of the body, of which the head is only one part. Cranial osteopathy simply means the application of osteopathic treatment to the head. In the case of newborns and babies, the whole body must be treated for osteopathy to be effective - which is what paediatric osteopaths do.

Functional testing is a "black box" (behavioral) testing where the tester verifies the functional specification. Bottom-up approach: In this approach testing is conducted from sub module to main module, if the main module is not developed a temporary program called DRIVERS is used to simulate the main module. Top-down approach: In this approach testing is conducted from main module to sub module.

Only in the name. Dr. Rolf originally called her work "Structural Integration". Later, her work became known as "Rolfing" and the terms "Rolfer" and "Rolfing" were trademarked.

This is the idea that a complex and autopoietic system must relate to its environment, and the internal structure becomes coupled to relevant features of that environment. In complexity terms the environment selects which of the systems attractors becomes active at any time, what is also called situated or selected self-organization.

The term Structural 1 refers to certain specialized strength and stiffness characteristics of plywood panels while the term Exposure 1 refers to the glue bond durability.

Craniosacral therapists study cranial work exclusively. Most craniosacral therapy courses last two years. Cranial osteopaths train initially in osteopathy, a more mechanical approach, and then do postgraduate training in cranial work of variable length. Craniosacral work tends to be integrated with psychotherapeutic understanding, theory and practice. There is a variable amount of overlap between individual approaches in the two professions.

Cranial Osteopaths are registered with the General Osteopathic Council, and specialise in Cranial Osteopathic techniques. 'Cranio-sacral therapists' are not osteopaths, but work on the same mechanism within the body.

Most often we refer to structural repairs as those being done to enhance or replace the load carrying ability of a load bearing element in a wood structure that has been compromised by decay. That might mean repairing a rotted sill beam or girder under a compressive load in a house. It could mean splicing a broken load bearing rafter or joist in mid span. It might also mean patching a log, timber or beam at a joint or load transferring point.

Cranial Osteopathy ( or as it is sometimes called " Craniosacral Osteopathy" ) is a very gentle, yet extremely powerful, system of osteopathic medicine which uses the patient's " Cranial Rhythm" ( also known as the " Primary Respiratory or Involuntary Mechanism" ) for evaluation and treatment.

It is a cyclical expansion and contraction of all the tissues of the body, which occurs 8-18 times a minute, is distinct from all other known body rhythms ( i.e. heartbeat, breathing rate) and can be felt in all parts of the body. The movement is of very small amplitude, therefore it takes practitioners with a very finely developed sense of touch to feel it . This rhythm was first described in the early 1900's by Dr. William G.