For mix design purposes, fly ash itself should be considered like portland cement, except that the specific gravity for fly ash is different. The specific gravity of portland cement is typically 3.15, while the specific gravity of fly ash may range from 2.2 to 2.8, depending on fly ash composition. Therefore, if a certain percentage of cement is replaced with fly ash on a mass basis, simply multiply the initial portland cement quantity by the percent replacement.

Typically, concrete designers use fly ash a partial replacement for portland cement at values up to 30 percent of the total cementitious composition. The use of high percentages (high volumes) of fly ash in concrete have been studied extensively over the last 15 years and the benefits have been well documented.

By reacting with free lime to form additional binder material, the permeability of concrete made with fly ash is lower than that made without it. Since virtually all durability aspects of concrete are improved with a reduction in permeability, the use of fly ash improves concrete durability. In addition, concrete water demand is typically reduced when using fly ash, leading to a lower water/cementitious ratio thus increasing strength.

Answer: This is not true. In-fact the advantages of addition of fly ash are many, a few of which are listed below:

Fly Ash is a pozzolan. A pozzolan is a siliceous and/ or siliceous and aluminous material which in itself is not cementitious but will, in the presence of moisture and temperature > 40°F (> 5C), combine with calcium hydroxide to form cementitious compounds. The major use of fly ash is as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. The amount of cement replaced depends on the fly ash type, the fly ash quality, the application and the atmospheric conditions.

Not exactly. Green design " or "eco-design" -tends to be concerned with today's industry - what they call in the eco trade "end-of-pipe" work - re-designing existing products to be recyclable or less wasteful. This is important work, but "end-of-pipe" is only half the story when it comes to achieving sustainability. For that, we have to design completely new ways of living - new products and new services.

A "hybrid-design" is when part of the building is timber framed and other spaces are usually constructed with conventional methods.

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Generally walls will require 3000 psi concrete or as specified by your engineer or code. Maximum aggregate size is 3/4" and placed at a 5-6" slump.

Fly ash is produced through the combustion of coal used to generate electricity. After coal is pulverized, it enters a boiler where flame temperatures reach up to 1500 degrees Celsius. Upon cooling, the inorganic matter transforms from a vapor state to a liquid and solid state. During this process individual, spherical particles are formed. This is fly ash. It is then collected by either using electrostatic precipitators, baghouses or a combination of both.

Fly ash is classified by the EPA as a non-hazardous product. As indicated by the MSDS, it is a relatively inert material. Fly ash is a product of coal combustion thus possesses no significant risk of fire or explosion. Fly ash is similar to sand in composition and consistency. When transporting and handling fly ash, the recommended precautions for safe handling as outlined on the product MSDS should be followed.

Answer: Fly ash is a by-product from coal fired electric power generating plants The inorganic or inderal constituents of the coal, such as clay, quartz and shale, fuse and chemically recombine during burning to produce various crystalline and glassyphases of fly ash. The fly ash is entrained in the flue gas and cools into spherical, usually hollow shaped particles.

Generally walls will require 3000 psi concrete or as specified by your engineer or code. Maximum aggregate size is 3/4" and placed at a 5-6" slump.

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Good concrete can be obtained by using a wide variety of mix proportions if proper mix design procedures are used. A good general rule to use is the rule of 6's:

The impact of fly ash on air entraining admixture (AEA) is primarily due to the carbon, represented as loss-on-ignition (LOI), remaining in the fly ash after combustion of the coal fuel. Due to the high rate of absorption of surfactants such as air entrainment into carbon, the loss-on-ignition generally has a positive correlation with AEA dosage demand.

Fly ash, particularly Class C, can effectively be used to stabilize soil for various types of construction. High calcium fly ash (Class C) acts as a good source of calcium hydroxide which "self activates", reacting with silica and alumina in the fly ash and soil to form a cementitious hydration product. In addition, C3A in fly ash (Class C) can react with sulfates to gain strength relatively quickly.

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Energy-efficient school design lowers operation costs, increases test scores and improves indoor air quality. If all new school construction and school renovations were designed to be environmentally conscious starting today, energy savings alone would total $20 billion over the next 10 years.