Gypsum is generally added to provide a calcium source to displace sodium in the soil. (Gypsum is calcium sulfate, 22.5% calcium). For most soils in Montana east of the continental divide, the soil is already saturated with respect to calcium (as calcium carbonate or lime). Hence, adding gypsum to a soil already saturated with calcium simply elevates the concentration of calcium, favoring formation of calcium carbonate.

Reclamation of saline or sodic soils can be done. It is first necessary to know whether the soil you want to reclaim is saline, sodic, or both, since reclamation procedures are different for each. Saline soil reclamation requires as a minimum: 1) assessment of the problem, 2) enhanced drainage, and 3) a relatively salt free water supply. Without these components, reclamation cannot progress.

Saline soils are indicative of inadequate drainage to leach salt from the soil or upward migration of salt from shallow ground water. Sodic soils have an abundance of sodium. Some soils are naturally saline and/or sodic. If the soil was formed on parent material high in salts, such as marine deposits, and it has inadequate drainage, the soil will be high in salts as well. Soils can become saline and/or sodic from unnatural processes as well.

Yes. Irrigation water that is suitable for one soil may not be for another. Use of saline and/or sodic water for irrigation can be risky business on soils predominated by silt or clay. Just 1 acre-foot of moderately saline irrigation water (EC = 3 dS/m - the upper end of suitability for irrigation water) will introduce 1.8 tons of salt to an acre of land. Soluble salts do not leach as readily through fine textured soils as through sandy soils.

Water can be both saline and sodic, or saline-sodic. If water has an EC greater than 4 (2 for horticulture) and a SAR greater than 12, it is considered saline-sodic.

Water can naturally become saline or sodic by coming into contact with soil or geologic material that is high in salts. Upon contact, salts dissolve into the water, raising the EC and/or the SAR of the water. Water can also become saline when evaporation concentrates naturally occurring salts.

Often the problem is obvious. Excess soluble salts will often crystallize on the surface of fallow fields, while thin, patchy salt crusts will form under clods or on the shady side of clods where marginal salt problems are found. Thick, continuous crusts form in saline seeps. Saline soils tend to inhibit germination and emergence of plants. Therefore, patterns of growth in cropped fields will be poor, with spotty stand establishment.

The most common locations to find saline soils are in the eastern and central part of Montana and in poorly drained areas north of the Missouri River. Naturally saline soils are found along many stream terraces and bottoms, while saline seeps can be found throughout most of the glaciated plains region. Sodic soils occur in many of the same locations as saline soils, found most commonly in eastern and north central Montana and along irrigated flood plains of many rivers.

There are no amendments, chemicals, or additives available commercially that can be added to saline water to make the salt go away. Dilution with a non-saline water or salt precipitation with an evaporation process which leaves the salt behind and traps the evaporated water can be used. Dilution of saline irrigation water is only possible if there is a source of non-saline water with which to dilute the saline water.

Saline water has a relatively high concentration of dissolved salts. Salt is not just "salt" as we know it - sodium chloride (NaCl) - but can be dissolved calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) sulfate (S042-), bicarbonate (HC03-) and Boron (B).

A white mineral that is milled, heated, hydrated and formed into drywall; or used to manufacture plaster.

Soils do not usually become excessively saline from use of saline water in a single irrigation season. It may even take several irrigation seasons to affect the level of salt in the soil solution. The maximum soil salinity in the root zone that results from continuous irrigation with saline water does not occur when salty water is used only a fraction of the time.

This is a quite common question and concern. People are not allergic to sulfur. Rather, they are allergic to “SULFA”. Sulfa is a component in many drugs including Celebrex® and Bextra®. If you are allergic to sulfa, you may be sensitive to these other pain killers. Sulfa is also referred to as a “sulfonyl group” containing a sulfur atom attached to a pair of oxygens in the middle of a larger molecule.

Please visit USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service web site at http://soils.usda.gov for more information about soils.

Sodic water is high in sodium (Na+) concentration relative to concentrations of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The sodicity of water is expressed as the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR),

Rapid Set cement in not a gypsum cement. Unlike gypsum, Rapid Set® cement can be used in wet environments.

The 12 elements are divided into 4 trinities. Each element in the trinity is weak to one element of the trinity and strong against the other element in the trinity. The trinities are:

All creatures in Darke Dungeon have varying levels of defense against each element. The levels of elemental defense are: The creature can not heal damage caused with this element without the aid of magic, and even magical healing is more difficult than normal. Normal humans take caustic damage from acid or fire, 30% less damage than normal from darkness, and are healed by life magic. You may see your current elemental defense levels on your stats panel.

Usually, elemental items are found that way. Often you will not even realize an item has elemental affinities until you use it with unusual results. Items that you already own may be attuned to an element with an enchantment stone of that element. Items may only have an affinity to one element. Attuning an item to a new element will remove the old elemental affinity completely.

If you are registered for VAT in an EU country other than the UK we can refund any VAT charged provided that you notify us of your VAT number and the 6 digit tracking number for your order. We will then verify your VAT no. and credit the payment card that you used to place the order. Please allow 7 days for this process. Under UK VAT regulations we have to verify your registration number each time we make a refund and therefore each order is treated individually.