Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a disease condition in cattle which is thought to have originated in Great Britain. It occurs in cattle between two and eight years old and is always fatal. The most plausible cause of the disease is a prion, a "self-replicating" protein, rather than a bacterium or virus. BSE causes a portion of the brain to become sponge-like.

There is still much debate in the scientific community regarding how BSE is spread. At the present time, BSE is thought to be spread in tissue from the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) as well as distal ileum, some of which can be present in meat and bone meal. BSE is not spread by animal-to-animal contact. In other words, an animal infected with BSE cannot infect another animal with which it is penned or pastured. See similar questions...

No, it's important to note that BSE is not a contagious disease; spread occur through the ingestion of infected material, generally brain or spinal cord tissue. See similar questions...

Open the file 'options.txt' in the data directory. Search for the line "RusselsFannies 0" and change it to "RusselsFannies 1". This will enable the magnets on the junkyard level. Use the fly cheat code (IWISHICOULDFLYRIGHTUPTOTHESKY), then you fly into the railway tunnel to the south. On the level 'I want to berieve' there is a flying saucer you can knock down. There are also some aliens and cows in the pyramids. See similar questions...

BSE was first observed in Great Britain in April 1985 and was officially diagnosed in 1986. By June 1990, some 14,000 cases were confirmed (out of an estimated population of 10 million cattle) in Great Britain. Since 1986, more than 185,000 cases of BSE have been confirmed in Great Britain. The epidemic peaked in 1992-93 at almost 1,000 new cases per week. Control measures have since reduced incidence of the disease, and currently fewer than 100 new cases are reported per week. See similar questions...

In May 2003, BSE was diagnosed in a cow in central Alberta. This was the first native-born case of BSE reported on the North American continent. On Dec. 23, 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced that a Holstein cow in Washington had been diagnosed with BSE. The subsequent epidemiological investigation revealed that the cow originated in Canada. Since 1989, the U.S. has prohibited importation of ruminants and most ruminant products from countries affected by BSE. See similar questions...

In December 2003, a dairy cow went down after calving, was tested, and was found positive for BSE in the state of Washington. This is the only case of BSE ever reported in the United States and this animal was traced to a Canadian herd that was sold in a herd sale dispersal. Although a coordinated, effective response was made by the cattle industry, and State and Federal officials, public concern nationally and internationally was very high. See similar questions...

No. There is no treatment for BSE. The course of the disease varies from two weeks to 14 months, usually resulting in death or humane destruction within four months in countries where the disease is present. How long can BSE be in an animal before it shows signs of the disease? The incubation period (the time from when an animal becomes infected until it first shows disease signs) is from 30 months to eight years with only a few rare exceptions in younger animals. See similar questions...

Both. The game is meant to be played first person. However, you can toggle the view with the press of a button/key. Both views are available throughout the entire game. See similar questions...

That depends on whether it's up or down, as the day's headlines will tell you. And the excitement on the exchange waxes and wanes with the Sensex. As an index of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the Sensex includes the shares of 30 companies that are actively traded on the BSE. It is a weighted average of prices of the 30 select stocks where the weight is the market capitalization of individual stocks. See similar questions...

Not only are AS3 subscribers intelligent, witty, sympathetic and well-informed ... they're also creative! Several meter programs designed for and by AS3'ers are available, free of charge - just remember to credit the creator if you pass the meter around. You can get any of them as instructed, or if that fails, by e-mailing the author. At minimum, the meters calculate data such as the time you've been smober, how many cigarettes you haven't smoked, and how much money you've saved since you quit. See similar questions...

The Indigo is a cool computer for a number of reasons. Some of these reasons have gotten less-cool over time, but they're still compelling enough to attract people more than a decade after its prime. Among them: Its top-of-the-line graphics can provide 24-bit color at 1280x1024, and can animate 3D wireframe and solid-color models, with fog, lighting and transparency effects, at up to 30 fps (even at full screen). See similar questions...

Since 1989, live ruminants have been prohibited entry into the United States from countries that have had cases of BSE. High-risk ruminant materials from these countries have also been prohibited entry. Since 1997, there has been an FDA feed ban to prohibit the use of mammalian protein in the production of ruminant feeds. See similar questions...

Current scientific research confirms that BSE infectivity occurs in the brain, trigeminal ganglia, tonsils, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglion, and distal ileum of the small intestine of cattle experimentally infected with the BSE agent. Research also confirms that BSE infectivity is in the brain, spinal cord, and retina of the eyes of cattle infected with the agent under field conditions. See similar questions...

Currently, there is no test to detect the disease in a live animal or in muscle meat. Veterinary pathologists confirm BSE by postmortem microscopic examination of brain tissue using sophisticated laboratory techniques, such as a histopathological examination to detect sponge-like changes in the brain tissue and immunohistochemistry to examine the BSE fibrils. These are "gold-standard" tests, and they take more than a week to run. See similar questions...

Although not scientifically proven, there is strong epidemiologic and laboratory data linking a rare, degenerative, fatal brain disorder in humans called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) to the consumption of BSE-contaminated product. This type of disease begins primarily with psychiatric symptoms and affects younger patients (median age, 28 years). See similar questions...

USDA's surveillance program for BSE draws samples of high-risk cattle that are then tested for BSE. More information on testing for BSE is available from the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Effective December 30, 2003, carcasses from cattle intended for human food that are sampled and submitted to APHIS for BSE testing will be held until the sample is determined to be negative for BSE. See similar questions...

The basis of BSE/Mad Cow Disease and other TSEs is still controversial. However, growing evidence strongly suggests that these diseases are not caused by typical infectious agents such as bacteria or viruses, but rather by something called a prion. Several species other than cows have diseases associated with prions, including humans. Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is the most common TSE of humans, and spontaneously occurs at an annual rate of 1-2 cases per million people. See similar questions...